tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66116288825814036242024-03-14T01:51:53.327-07:00Shape Memory MaterialsThis Blog is dedicated to listing the latest in Shape Memory Materials.
The collection is inspired by 'Active Disassembly using Smart Materials' (ADSM) technology found at:
www.ActiveDisassembly.comDr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-27146630823198358322014-05-28T16:09:00.000-07:002014-05-28T16:09:00.624-07:00Toughening-modified epoxy-amine system: Cure kinetics, mechanical behavior, and shape memory performances<br />
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Here is the latest from:<br />
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<span style="color: #0000ee;"><u><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.40853/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.40853/abstract</a></u></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Related resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span><br />
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<li id="app40853-cr-0003" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yuxi Liu<sup style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">1</sup>, </li>
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Article first published online: 30 APR 2014</div>
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DOI: 10.1002/app.40853</div>
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Keywords:</h3>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kinetics;</li>
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ABSTRACT</h3>
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Shape memory epoxy resins are derived on reacting E51 with triethylenetetramine in presence of the toughening agent polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PPGDGE). The curing behaviors are studied with differential scanning calorimetry. The toughening system shows a decrease in activation energy. Šesták–Berggren model is utilized to establish the kinetic equations. The fitting results prove that the equations can well describe the reactions. Tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis are used to analyze mechanical performances and thermodynamics. Shape memory properties are characterized by fold-deploy tests. The elongation at break increases as the concentration of PPGDGE increases. The toughening materials have lower glass transition temperature (<em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T<sub style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.7em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">g</sub></em>). The fixable ratios of all systems are greater than 99.5%. The shape recovery time decreases with increasing the PPGDGE concentration. The optimal system can fully recover its original shape in about 2 min at <em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T<sub style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.7em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">g</sub></em> + 30°C, and exhibit the maximum fold-deploy cycles as 13 cycles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. <b style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2014</b>, <em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">131</em>, 40853.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related shape memory application resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span><br />
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-55361431339741517842014-05-20T16:05:00.002-07:002014-05-20T16:05:25.385-07:00Highly pH-Sensitive Polyurethane Designed for Switching both Shape Memory and Drug Release<br />
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<a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journal/py" style="color: #014682; text-decoration: none;">Polymer Chemistry</a></h1>
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Encompassing all aspects of synthetic and biological macromolecules, and related emerging areas</div>
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<a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/py/c4py00474d#!divAbstract">http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/py/c4py00474d#!divAbstract</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Related resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></h1>
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Highly pH-Sensitive Polyurethane Designed for Switching both Shape Memory and Drug Release</h2>
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<span class="author_link" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: -3px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/results?searchtext=Author%3Ashaobing%20Zhou" style="color: black;">shaobing Zhou</a>, </span> <span class="author_link" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: -3px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/results?searchtext=Author%3AHongmei%20Chen" style="color: black;">Hongmei Chen</a>, </span> <span class="author_link" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: -3px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/results?searchtext=Author%3AYing%20Li" style="color: black;">Ying Li</a>, </span> <span class="author_link" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: -3px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/results?searchtext=Author%3AY%20Liu" style="color: black;">Y Liu</a>, </span><span class="author_link" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: -3px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/results?searchtext=Author%3ATao%20Gong" style="color: black;">Tao Gong</a> and </span> <span class="author_link" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: -3px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/results?searchtext=Author%3ALin%20Wang" style="color: black;">Lin Wang</a> </span></div>
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<i><strong>Polym. Chem.</strong></i>, 2014, Accepted Manuscript</div>
<br /><span class="DOILink" style="float: left; padding: 0px; width: 505px;"><strong>DOI: </strong>10.1039/C4PY00474D</span><br /><span style="padding-top: 5px;">Received 03 Apr 2014, Accepted 01 May 2014<br />First published online 02 May 2014</span></div>
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In this study, a highly pH-sensitive polymer is synthesised by introducing pyridine rings into the backbone of polyurethane. The chemical structure of the resulting materials is confirmed by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. To analyse the mechanism of the pH sensitivity of this polymer, its structural transformations under acidic and basic conditions are studied by FT-IR, theoretical calculation and 1H-NMR. We observe that the mechanism of pH responsiveness is the formation of a hydrogen bond interaction between the N atom of the pyridine ring and the H-N of urethane in neutral or alkaline environments which is disrupted under acidic conditions due to the protonation of the pyridine ring. The pH-sensitivity is demonstrated by simply adjusting the pH value of the environment, which can act as a switch to control shape memory and drug release. Unlike other systems with thermally sensitive behaviour, the shape memory functionality of this material is independent of temperature, which is dependent only on the variation in the pH of the environment. This strategy provides a potent tool for the design of multifunctional materials based on the physiological environment to fulfil the complex requirements of drug delivery and tissue engineering systems.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related shape memory application resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-39315689289170171072014-05-13T22:10:00.000-07:002014-05-13T22:10:00.072-07:00SMA: BME Announces Expanded Availability Of The Speed Shift™ Nitinol Compression Fixation System Designed For Sliding Calcaneal OsteotomiesHere is the latest from: Digital Journal on Nitinol and bone fixation<br />
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http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/1876762<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related shape memory application resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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PR Newswire</div>
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SAN ANTONIO, April 28, 2014</div>
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<span class="xn-location">SAN ANTONIO</span>, <span class="xn-chron">April 28, 2014</span> /PRNewswire/ -- BioMedical Enterprises, Inc. (BME), a pioneer and U.S. leader in shape memory technology for small bone fixation, announced today the nationwide availablity of the Speed Shift™ Continuous Active Compression System.<br />
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The Speed Shift™ Continuous Active Compression implant is the world's first superelastic Nitinol bone fixation device with an offset bridge to accommodate uneven bone surfaces that are procedure-specific, such as for sliding calcaneal osteotomies. This unique superelastic implant, with a stepped bridge (available in a range of sizes from 4mm to 12mm) offers the Foot & Ankle surgeon intraoperative options for reconstruction of flatfoot and high arch conditions. In addition, the new Speed Shift System is a patented, fully disposable, pre-sterilized implant & instrumentation system designed to enhance operating room efficiencies.<br />
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"BME is aggresively driving innovation in the area of Nitinol Shape Memory systems for small bone fixation," states <span class="xn-person">Keith M. Peeples</span>, President & CEO of BME. "We saw great success with the game-changing technologies behind the Speed™ Continuous Active Compression System. The Speed Shift™ builds upon that foundation and give surgeons more anatomically-shaped implant options. Our mission is to design and manufacture implants that significantly enhance the healing of bone without compromise."<br />
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BME, Inc. is the only U.S. manufacturer of Nitinol metal implants for musculoskeletal fixation. BME has led the innovation and advancement of Nitinol implants and patented disposable instrumentation in the U.S. market. BME continues to develop new standards for manufacturing processes while defining new parameters for product development with emphasis on education of our surgeon communities on the benefits of BME shape memory technologies.<br />
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SOURCE BME, Inc.</div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Open Sans', arial, helvetica; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"><br /></span><h1 class="articleTitle" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.15em; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Open Sans', arial, helvetica; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;">Read more:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: 'Open Sans', arial, helvetica; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"> </span><a href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/1876762#ixzz31HpQZUp2" style="background-color: transparent; color: #003399; font-family: 'Open Sans', arial, helvetica; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none;">http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/1876762#ixzz31HpQZUp2</a></span></h1>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-79772503344359745722014-05-12T22:04:00.000-07:002014-05-12T22:04:00.390-07:00Toward a better understanding of Shape Memory AlloysHere is the latest from: ESRF, The European Synchrotron<br />
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Original post:<br />
http://www.esrf.eu/home/events/Seminars/area-seminars/esrf-seminars-list/toward-a-better-understanding-of-shape-memory-alloys.html<br />
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<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related shape memory application resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1b5092; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 52px;">Toward a better understanding of Shape Memory Alloys</span></h1>
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Seminar</h2>
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Since its discovery in the early 1960s, near equiatomic Ni-Ti alloy has attracted a lot of attention due to its unique functional properties (superelasticity, one-way and two-way shape memory) and its excellent mechanical properties (low elastic anisotropy, high resistance to corrosion and abrasion, …). Its crystallographic structure can change from the cubic austenite to the monoclinic martensite through the application of temperature or strain. It is from this reversible phase transformation that the unique functional properties of NiTi originate.</div>
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Ni-Ti alloys are mainly produced in the form of thin wires in a cold-worked state, which do not show any specific properties. To achieve the functional properties, a heat treatment, which traditionally can take up to 1 hour in a furnace, is needed. Recently, a non conventional technique called Final Thermo-Mechanical Treatment by Electric Current (FTMT-EC) has been developed, enabling a reduction in the time needed to heat treat a wire down to a few milliseconds.</div>
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In this talk, I will present new results related to the influence of this new heat treatment on the evolution of the microstructure and to properties of the wires which have been subjected to this new technique. These results are based on data obtained from experiments performed at the ESRF, on the Material Science Beamline ID11 and the High Resolution Powder Diffraction Beamline ID31.</div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-12205298347385119932014-05-11T22:01:00.000-07:002014-05-11T22:01:00.111-07:00High-Speed Actuation and Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Incorporated Shape Memory Polyurethane Nanofibers<br />
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Here is the latest from:<br />
<a href="http://pubs.acs.org/journal/jpccck" style="background-color: white; color: #336699; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;" title="Journal Home Page"><img alt="The Journal of Physical Chemistry C" src="http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/covergifs/jpccck/title.gif" style="border: 0px;" /></a><br />
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Original post:<br />
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/jp500709m<br />
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<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related shape memory application resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span></div>
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High-Speed Actuation and Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Incorporated Shape Memory Polyurethane Nanofibers</h1>
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<a href="http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&author=Cho%2C+J+W&qsSearchArea=author" id="authors" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 153); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: none;">Hye Jon Yoo, Sibdas Singha Mahapatra, and Jae Whan Cho</a><span class="NLM_x"> </span><a class="ref" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/jp500709m#cor1" style="border: none; color: #336699; text-decoration: none;">*</a><span class="NLM_x"></span></div>
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Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering,<span class="institution">Konkuk University</span>, Seoul 143-701, <span class="country">Republic of Korea</span></div>
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<cite>J. Phys. Chem. C</cite>, Article ASAP</div>
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<strong>DOI: </strong>10.1021/jp500709m</div>
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Publication Date (Web): April 28, 2014</div>
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Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society</div>
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*E-mail: <a href="mailto:jwcho@konkuk.ac.kr" style="color: #336699;">jwcho@konkuk.ac.kr</a>. Phone: <span class="phone">+82 (2) 4503513</span>. Fax: <span class="fax">+82 (2) 4578895</span>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Related resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-26701625065398957932014-05-10T21:51:00.000-07:002014-05-10T21:51:00.619-07:00Toughening-modified epoxy-amine system: Cure kinetics, mechanical behavior, and shape memory performancesHere is the latest from the Journal Applied Polymer Science on Shape Memory performance<br />
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Original post:<br />http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.40853/abstract<br />
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<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related shape memory application resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.399999618530273px; line-height: 22px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span></div>
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<span class="mainTitle" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Toughening-modified epoxy-amine system: Cure kinetics, mechanical behavior, and shape memory performances</span></h1>
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<li id="app40853-cr-0001" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Xianghai Jing<sup style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">1</sup>, </li>
<li id="app40853-cr-0002" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yuyan Liu<sup style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">1,*</sup>, </li>
<li id="app40853-cr-0003" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yuxi Liu<sup style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">1</sup>, </li>
<li id="app40853-cr-0004" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Zhenguo Liu<sup style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">1</sup> and</li>
<li id="app40853-cr-0005" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Huifeng Tan<sup style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">2,*</sup></li>
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Article first published online: 30 APR 2014</div>
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DOI: 10.1002/app.40853</div>
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Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</div>
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Journal of Applied Polymer Science</h2>
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ABSTRACT</h3>
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Shape memory epoxy resins are derived on reacting E51 with triethylenetetramine in presence of the toughening agent polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PPGDGE). The curing behaviors are studied with differential scanning calorimetry. The toughening system shows a decrease in activation energy. Šesták–Berggren model is utilized to establish the kinetic equations. The fitting results prove that the equations can well describe the reactions. Tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis are used to analyze mechanical performances and thermodynamics. Shape memory properties are characterized by fold-deploy tests. The elongation at break increases as the concentration of PPGDGE increases. The toughening materials have lower glass transition temperature (<em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T<sub style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.7em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">g</sub></em>). The fixable ratios of all systems are greater than 99.5%. The shape recovery time decreases with increasing the PPGDGE concentration. The optimal system can fully recover its original shape in about 2 min at <em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T<sub style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 0.7em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">g</sub></em> + 30°C, and exhibit the maximum fold-deploy cycles as 13 cycles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. <b style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2014</b>, <em style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">131</em>, 40853.</div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-61111621852846088042014-05-09T21:50:00.000-07:002014-05-09T21:54:27.710-07:00Highly pH-Sensitive Polyurethane Designed for Switching both Shape Memory and Drug ReleaseHere is the latest on Shape Memory and Drug Release:<br />
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<a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals/journal/py" style="color: #014682; text-decoration: none;">Polymer Chemistry</a></h1>
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Encompassing all aspects of synthetic and biological macromolecules, and related emerging areas</div>
Original post:<br />http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/py/c4py00474d#!divRelatedContent<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related shape memory application resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span><br />
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Abstract</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">In this study, a highly pH-sensitive polymer is synthesised by introducing pyridine rings into the backbone of polyurethane. The chemical structure of the resulting materials is confirmed by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. To analyse the mechanism of the pH sensitivity of this polymer, its structural transformations under acidic and basic conditions are studied by FT-IR, theoretical calculation and 1H-NMR. We observe that the mechanism of pH responsiveness is the formation of a hydrogen bond interaction between the N atom of the pyridine ring and the H-N of urethane in neutral or alkaline environments which is disrupted under acidic conditions due to the protonation of the pyridine ring. The pH-sensitivity is demonstrated by simply adjusting the pH value of the environment, which can act as a switch to control shape memory and drug release. Unlike other systems with thermally sensitive behaviour, the shape memory functionality of this material is independent of temperature, which is dependent only on the variation in the pH of the environment. This strategy provides a potent tool for the design of multifunctional materials based on the physiological environment to fulfil the complex requirements of drug delivery and tissue engineering systems.</span></div>
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<a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/ra/c4ra01078g" style="color: #014682; font-weight: 700; padding-left: 1px; text-decoration: none;">Eucalmaidials A and B, phloroglucinol-coupled sesquiterpenoids from the juvenile leaves of Eucalyptus maideni</a></h2>
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<span class="red_txt_s4" style="color: black; float: left; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">Li-Wen Tian, Min Xu, XC Li, Chong-Ren Yang, Hua-Jie Zhu and Ying-Jun Zhang</span></div>
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<i><strong>RSC Adv.</strong></i>, 2014, Accepted Manuscript</div>
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Abstract</div>
Two new phloroglucinol-coupled sesquiterpenoids, eucalmaidials A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the juvenile leaves of Eucalyptus maideni, along with eight known macrocarpals (3-10), eucalyptone (11), and three...</div>
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<a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/ra/c4ra01768d" style="color: #014682; font-weight: 700; padding-left: 1px; text-decoration: none;">A novel glycopolymeric ultraviolet absorber covering UV-A and UV-B ranges</a></h2>
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<span class="red_txt_s4" style="color: black; float: left; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;">Yanfeng Tang, Pengfei Gao, Miao Wang, Jinli Zhu and Xiangjian Wan</span></div>
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<i><strong>RSC Adv.</strong></i>, 2014, Accepted Manuscript</div>
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Abstract</div>
In this communication, a novel biocompatible polymeric ultraviolet absorber (UVA) covering UV-A and UV-B ranges, poly(HAB-co-OAG-co-AMC)(PHOA), was designed and prepared. The photo-antioxidant tests indicate that there is a synergism between...</div>
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<i><strong>Polym. Chem.</strong></i>, 2014, Accepted Manuscript</div>
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A low band-gap copolymer PDTS-FID alternating dithienosilole (DTS) donor block with fluorinated isoindigo (FID) unit and its non-fluorinated counterpart PDTS-ID have been synthesized and characterized for photovoltaic application. Compared to...</div>
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<a href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/ra/c4ra01737d" style="color: #014682; font-weight: 700; padding-left: 1px; text-decoration: none;">Selective sensing of Al3+ by naphthyridine coupled rhodamine chemosensors</a></h2>
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<i><strong>RSC Adv.</strong></i>, 2014, Accepted Manuscript</div>
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<i><strong>RSC Adv.</strong></i>, 2014, Accepted Manuscript</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For related resources, Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</a></span><br />
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-66525121733366889902014-05-07T21:40:00.000-07:002014-05-07T21:40:00.384-07:00Cadillac uses Smart Material<h2>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Cadillac uses Smart Material </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">3 Articles</span></h2>
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Article 1:</span></h2>
From original post:<br />
http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/f15/smart-material-use-drives-cadillac-ats-performance-110625/<br />
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<b style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; font-size: medium;">Smart Material Use Drives Cadillac ATS Performance</span></b><br />
<b style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">All-new compact luxury sports sedan may be lightest in its segment</b><br />
<b style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/May/0510_ats" style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; color: #01659c; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">GM</a></b><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">May 10, 2012</span><br />
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<br style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<b style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">DETROIT –</b><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> When engineers set out to make the all-new 2013 Cadillac ATS as light as possible they used advanced materials to minimize weight throughout the compact luxury sports sedan but never compromised performance capability.</span><br />
<br style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Lightweight parts such as an aluminum hood and magnesium engine mounts help ATS achieve a curb weight less than 3,400 pounds, and highway fuel economy well over 30 mpg. Keeping weight down also enabled balanced distribution of </span><a class="itxtnewhook itxthook" href="http://www.gminsidenews.com/forums/#" id="itxthook0" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-image: none; border: 0px none transparent; color: #01659c; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="itxtrst itxtrstspan itxtnowrap" id="itxthook0p" style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; border: 0px; bottom: auto; display: inline !important; float: none !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; height: auto; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; white-space: nowrap !important;"><span class="itxtrst itxtrstspan itxtnowrap itxtnewhookspan" id="itxthook0w" style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; border-color: transparent transparent rgb(0, 204, 0); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; bottom: auto; color: #009900; display: inline; float: none; font-family: inherit; height: auto; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 0px 1px !important; position: static; right: auto; text-decoration: underline !important; top: auto; white-space: normal;">vehicle</span><img class="itxtrst itxtrstimg itxthookicon" src="http://images.intellitxt.com/ast/adTypes/icon1.png" id="itxthook0icon" style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; border: 0px !important; bottom: auto; display: inline !important; float: none !important; height: auto !important; left: auto; margin: 0px !important; max-height: none; max-width: 800px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px !important; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline !important; white-space: normal; width: auto !important;" /></span></a><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> weight that helps delivers a world-class driving experience.</span><br />
<br style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">“We designed and engineered ATS’s vehicle architecture to deliver quick, nimble and fun-to-drive dynamics,” said David Masch, ATS chief engineer. “We distributed mass to key areas, much like an athlete builds muscle where he needs it most. This enabled ATS to achieve the performance characteristics that luxury sport sedan buyers demand.”</span><br />
<br style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">One seemingly heavy way the ATS engineering team achieved its performance goals was using cast iron in the rear differential instead of aluminum, a learning taken from the performance-tuned CTS-V.</span><br />
<br style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The differential provides torque and rotation to the wheels, and ATS’s cast iron design helped distribute weight equally between the front and rear wheels to provide agile handling while reducing noise and vibration. Cadillac benchmarked it against world-class competition to deliver a driving experience that is as well-tuned for sound as for ride and handling.</span><br />
<br style="-webkit-box-shadow: none !important; background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Unlike a differential made from aluminum, which expands and contracts twice as much in response to temperature change, a cast iron differential is stronger and retains its shape better under temperature extremes, which allows the ring and pinion gears to operate more quietly. As a result, a cast iron differential also requires less energy to operate, contributing to higher fuel efficiency. To the consumer, this means more miles between fill-ups.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Article 2:</span></h2>
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Smart Material Use Drives Cadillac ATS Performance</h2>
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All-new compact luxury sports sedan may be lightest in its segment</h3>
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<li style="font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px; list-style: square; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 0px;"><i>Updated 06/26/12</i></li>
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<b>DETROIT </b>– When engineers set out to make the all-new <a href="http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/cadillac/vehicles/ats/2013.html" style="color: #1f3c8a; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">2013 Cadillac ATS</a> as light as possible they used advanced materials to minimize weight throughout the <a href="http://www.cadillac.com/ats-compact-car.html" style="color: #1f3c8a; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">compact luxury sports sedan</a>, but never compromised performance capability.</div>
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Lightweight parts, such as an aluminum hood and magnesium engine mounts, help ATS achieve a curb weight less than 3,400 pounds (1,542 kg), and highway fuel economy greater than 30 mpg. They also enabled optimal weight distribution for a more balanced driving experience.</div>
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“We designed and engineered the ATS’s vehicle architecture to deliver quick, nimble and fun-to-drive dynamics,” said David Masch, ATS chief engineer. “We distributed mass to key areas, much like an athlete builds muscle where he needs it most. This enabled ATS to achieve the performance characteristics that luxury sport sedan buyers demand.”</div>
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One seemingly heavy way the ATS engineering team achieved its performance goals was using cast iron in the rear differential housing instead of aluminum, a learning taken from the performance-tuned CTS-<i>V</i>. The differential provides torque and rotation to the wheels.</div>
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The ATS’s cast iron housing design helps distribute weight equally between the front and rear wheels, contributing to the car’s agile handling, while also helping reduce noise and vibration. Cadillac benchmarked it against world-class competition to deliver a driving experience that is as well-tuned for sound, as well as ride and handling.</div>
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Unlike a differential housing made of aluminum, which expands and contracts twice as much in response to temperature change, the cast iron differential is stronger and retains its shape better under temperature extremes, which allows the ring and pinion gears to operate more quietly. As a result, the cast iron differential housingalso requires less energy to operate, contributing to higher fuel efficiency. To the consumer, this means more miles between fill-ups.</div>
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The ATS team also achieved significant weight reduction in the rear suspension by using specially engineered straight steel links, with lightening holes instead of using aluminum.</div>
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“The team focused on grams, not pounds, every day of the ATS’s development,” Masch said. “Even the smallest of changes could contribute to the overall mass goal.”</div>
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ATS’s wheels also benefited from 50-50 mass distribution between the front and rear. While heavier cars need larger wheels, tires and brakes to account for heavier mass, ATS’s relative light weight enabled the use of optimized high-strength aluminum wheel forgings and Brembo brakes that deliver stopping distance of approximately 129 feet decelerating from 60-0 mph, which is expected to be best in the segment.</div>
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Inside the ATS, the vehicle team took advantage of a new process that places sound-absorbing material between two layers of laminated steel. By doing so, Cadillac refined a part and process it pioneered on CTS.</div>
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These sound-buffering materials help reduce noise coming into the cabin from the powertrain and fine-tune the sound to a sporty growl that communicates powertrain response and road characteristics to the driver.ATS also uses an acoustically laminated windshield and side windows that are lighter than standard tempered glass and provide better wind and powertrain noise reduction, for a quieter interior. Acoustically laminated glass also offers almost double the amount of ultraviolet ray protection.</div>
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“Smart material selection and styling modifications that reduce complexity are key enablers in our quest to reduce vehicle mass,” said Bob Boniface, Cadillac exterior design director. “As consumer demand for more features, space and comfort continues to increase, so too has our proficiency in designing vehicles that offer aerodynamic performance and efficiency equivalent to lower vehicle weight,” he said.</div>
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The ATS, which starts at $33,990, goes <a href="http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/May/0507_ats" style="color: #1f3c8a; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">on sale</a> this summer.</div>
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<b>Cadillac</b> has been a leading luxury auto brand since 1902. In recent years, Cadillac has engineered a historic renaissance led by artful engineering and advanced technology. More information on Cadillac can be found at <a href="http://media.cadillac.com/media/us/en/news.brand_cadillac.html/" style="color: #1f3c8a; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">media.cadillac.com</a>.</div>
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<small style="color: #444444; display: block; margin: 0px 5px;">The Cadillac ATS luxury sport sedan, which goes on sale this summer, features lightweight parts such as an aluminum hood and magnesium engine mounts to help ATS achieve a curb weight less than 3,400 pounds, and highway fuel economy well over 30 mpg.</small></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Article 3:</span></h2>
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http://paddocktalk.com/news/html/story-190921.html<br />
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<b>Smart Material Use Drives Cadillac ATS Performance</b></center>
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When engineers set out to make the all-new 2013 Cadillac ATS as light as possible they used advanced materials to minimize weight throughout the compact luxury sports sedan but never compromised performance capability.</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Lightweight parts such as an aluminum hood and magnesium engine mounts help ATS achieve a curb weight less than 3,400 pounds, and highway fuel economy well over 30 mpg. Keeping weight down also enabled balanced distribution of vehicle weight that helps delivers a world-class driving experience.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">“We designed and engineered ATS’s vehicle architecture to deliver quick, nimble and fun-to-drive dynamics,” said David Masch, ATS chief engineer. “We distributed mass to key areas, much like an athlete builds muscle where he needs it most. This enabled ATS to achieve the performance characteristics that luxury sport sedan buyers demand.”</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">One seemingly heavy way the ATS engineering team achieved its performance goals was using cast iron in the rear differential instead of aluminum, a learning taken from the performance-tuned CTS-V.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The differential provides torque and rotation to the wheels, and ATS’s cast iron design helped distribute weight equally between the front and rear wheels to provide agile handling while reducing noise and vibration. Cadillac benchmarked it against world-class competition to deliver a driving experience that is as well-tuned for sound as for ride and handling.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Unlike a differential made from aluminum, which expands and contracts twice as much in response to temperature change, a cast iron differential is stronger and retains its shape better under temperature extremes, which allows the ring and pinion gears to operate more quietly. As a result, a cast iron differential also requires less energy to operate, contributing to higher fuel efficiency. To the consumer, this means more miles between fill-ups.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The ATS team also achieved significant weight reduction in the rear suspension by using specially engineered straight steel links with lightening holes instead of using aluminum.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">“The team focused on grams, not pounds, every day of the ATS’s development,” Masch said. “Even the smallest of changes could contribute to the overall mass goal.”</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">ATS’s wheels also benefited from 50-50 mass distribution between the front and rear. While heavier cars need larger wheels, tires and brakes to account for heavier mass, ATS’s relative light weight enabled the use of optimized high-strength aluminum wheel forgings and Brembo brakes that deliver stopping distance of approximately 129 feet decelerating from 60-0 mph, which is expected to be best in the segment.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Inside the ATS, the vehicle team took advantage of a new process that places sound-absorbing material between two layers of laminated steel. By doing so, Cadillac refined a part and process it pioneered on CTS.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">These sound-buffering materials help reduce noise coming into the cabin from the powertrain and fine-tune the sound to a sporty growl that communicates powertrain response and road characteristics to the driver.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">ATS also uses an acoustically laminated windshield and side windows that are lighter than standard tempered glass and provide better wind and powertrain noise reduction for a quieter interior. Acoustically laminated glass also offers almost double the amount of ultraviolet ray protection.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">“Smart material selection and styling modifications that reduce complexity are key enablers in our quest to reduce vehicle mass,” said Bob Boniface, Cadillac exterior design director, who spoke Thursday during a panel discussion on lightweighting at the Automotive Press Association.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">“As consumer demand for more features, space and comfort continues to increase, so too has our proficiency in designing vehicles that offer aerodynamic performance and efficiency equivalent to lower vehicle weight,” he said.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The ATS, which starts at $33,990, goes on sale this summer. </span><br />
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<div style="background-color: white;">
For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-70314817614902191152014-05-04T14:31:00.000-07:002014-05-04T14:31:00.044-07:00SMST 2014SMST 2014 coming!<br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span><br />
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<h1 style="font-size: 16px;">
The International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST™)</h1>
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Plan today to attend SMST — the technical conference and exposition that brings together a diverse group of worldwide experts active in the field of shape memory and superelastic materials.</div>
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SMST conferences have significantly contributed to the success of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloys in medical devices. This conference expects to attract practitioners from the engineered-materials community encompassing industry, government, and academia.</div>
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If you are interested in exhibiting at SMST 2014, contact <a href="mailto:kelly.thomas@asminternational.org" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;">Kelly Thomas</a>, National Account Manager.</div>
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<a href="http://www.memry.com/" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Memry" src="http://www2.asminternational.org/content/Events/smst/images/SAES-Group-Memry.png" style="border: 0px;" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.memry.com/" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.smarteralloys.com/" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Smarter Alloys" src="http://www2.asminternational.org/content/Events/smst/images/Screen%20Shot%202013-08-01%20at%204.16.19%20PM.png" style="border: 0px;" /></a></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-62558921016147456122014-05-01T14:06:00.000-07:002014-05-01T14:06:00.482-07:00Apple and the use of Shape Memory Materials: 2 articlesApple and the use of Shape Memory Materials: 2 articles<br />
<br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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Original post:<br />
http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/apple-patent-shows-ideas-for-crack-resistant-iphone-airbags/#!FNP3g<br />
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APPLE PATENT SHOWS IDEAS FOR CRACK-RESISTANT IPHONE AIRBAGS</h1>
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<cite style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By <span class="vcard" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="author url fn " href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/users/jeff_hughes/" rel="author" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: bold; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jeff Hughes</a> </span> <span class="dash" style="border: 0px; color: #cdcdcd; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">—</span> <span class="date dtreviewed" content="2011-11-17" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span class="value-title" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="2011-11-17"><time datetime="2011-11-17T19:57:49+00:00" pubdate="" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">November 17, 2011</time></span></span><span id="logged-in-component-single-admin-links" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></cite></div>
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<a href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/cracked-iphone.jpg" rel="post" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Iphone Dead End by magic_quote via Flickr" src="http://icdn6.digitaltrends.com/image/cracked-iphone-650x0.jpg" style="border: none; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 650px;" /></a></div>
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Good news for the <a href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/man-files-class-action-lawsuit-over-broken-iphone-4-glass/" style="border: 0px; color: #006999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="man files class action lawsuit over broken iphone 4 glass">Donald LeBuhns</a> of the world, newly uncovered patents filed by Apple show the company has been thinking about upping durability for portables. Future iOS devices may even be getting little airbags installed to prevent your precious <a href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/" style="border: 0px; color: #006999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">mobile</a> electronics from shattering on the first drop.</div>
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The patent was apparently filed in 2010′s Q2, and dug up by <a href="http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2011/11/apple-invents-crack-resistant-glass-solutions-for-portables.html" rel="nofollow" style="border: 0px; color: #006999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="apple invents crack resistant glass solutions for portables">Pattently Apple</a> who says that one of the patent inventors, Stephen Lynch, worked on the iPod touch and inductive charging projects.</div>
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One pathway the patent points to for enhancing the durability of devices—assuming scratch attracting plastic isn’t considered—is to strengthen the glass. The thinner the device becomes, the thinner the glass cover window which can mean impact will crack or shatter it more readily. Alumino silicate, known as <a href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/product-teaser-videos/a-day-made-of-glass-from-corning-incorporated/" style="border: 0px; color: #006999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="a day made of glass from corning incorporated">Gorilla Glass</a>, is suggested, but future options to resist thermal shock include sodalime and borosilicate.</div>
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<a href="http://www.digitaltrends.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/shock-mount-via-cnet.png" style="border: 0px; color: #006999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="shock mount via cnet" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-323341" src="http://icdn7.digitaltrends.com/image/shock-mount-via-cnet-610x374-c.png" height="374" style="border: none; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto 40px; max-width: 625px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="610" /></a></div>
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The main focus in the patent seems to be concerned with types of “apparatus, systems and methods for shock mounting a cover glass for an electronic device.” One method involves cover glass and a shock mount—which is an elastic fastener—that buffers between the glass and the rest of the electronic mass. Another method discussed in the patent involves glass, shock mount and sensors which can sense a drop and retract and protect the cover glass.</div>
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There is also a tunable shock mount option which would create “compression and dampening, so as to isolate the cover glass from the remaining mass of the electronic device.” The tunable option could have a shock mount made of polymyer, gel, foam, shape memory material, silicone rubber, viscoelastic material and other suitable types. The shock mount could also be made of an inflatable rubber bladder, or one filled with fluid that expands in shock events, e.g. an air-bag.</div>
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Of course, just because it’s a patent doesn’t necessarily mean it’ll be implemented, but its nice to see some of the ideas being juggled by the Apple think tank.</div>
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Original post:<br />
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/239308/scitech/technology/apple-patent-hints-at-tougher-devices<br />
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Apple patent hints at tougher devices</h1>
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<span class="timestamp" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px 8px;">November 22, 2011 6:28pm</span></div>
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Future portable Apple Inc. devices such as the iPhone and iPod Touch may soon be crack-resistant, after the tech giant filed a patent for a crack-resistant glass solution for its devices.</div>
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The new solution involves a tunable specialized shock mount that sits between the glass and the body of the device that could be instantly inflated if the device senses a drop, Patently Apple said.</div>
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"Apple's patent describes using exotic materials that could protect the glass from shattering. As a side bonus, Apple is also considering a solution that could provide portable devices with a new water damage prevention seal," <a class="external" href="http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2011/11/apple-invents-crack-resistant-glass-solutions-for-portables.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6666ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">it said</a>.</div>
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Such a solution seeks to protect the relatively thin glass in a small form-factor device, Patently Apple said.</div>
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But it also noted the solution could also apply to larger devices like the iMac, Cinema Display, iPad, and MacBook and televisions.</div>
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One implementation of the solution would be to have a controller and actuator withdraw the cover glass at least partially into the housing if a drop is sensed.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Water seal</strong></div>
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Under the patent, electronics within a housing of a device could be protected from water damage with a water seal.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tunable shock mount</strong></div>
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Patently Apple said the patent allows for an electronic device to have a cover glass with a tunable shock mount between the cover glass and the housing.</div>
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The cover glass could be suitably arranged with the tunable shock mount, which could be tuned to limit susceptibility to damage.</div>
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The tunable shock mount may provide compression and dampening, "so as to isolate the cover glass from the remaining mass of the electronic device."</div>
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Patently Apple said the tunable shock mount may be made of a polymer, a foam, a gel, a viscoelastic material, a shape memory material, an exothermic material, an optically transparent material, a silicone rubber material or other suitable material.</div>
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Also, the tunable shock mount could be tuned to have a resonant frequency that is substantially lower than the resonant frequencies of the cover glass and the remaining mass of the electronic device, and tuned "so as to be substantially critically damped."</div>
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On the other hand, Patently Apple said the tunable shock mount may use a micro inflatable bladder, like a form of air bag.</div>
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"Think of it as a form of air-bag for portable devices," it said.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Strengthening the glass </strong></div>
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Patently Apple said one aspect of this invention has already been put into place on iOS devices: using alumino silicate glass (Gorilla Glass).</div>
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But the patent also defines other glass materials that could be used in the future, including sodalime and borosilicate that may make the glass resistant to thermal shock.</div>
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"Moreover, the cover glass pieces can be chemically treated for further strengthening. One suitable chemical treatment is to place the cover glass pieces in a chemical bath containing potassium (e.g., KNO.sub.3) for a period of time (e.g., several hours) at an elevated temperature. The chemical treatment could desirably result in higher compression stresses at the surface of the cover glass pieces," it said.</div>
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It added the surface of the cover glass pieces includes the edges of the cover glass pieces.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Similar to amazon patent?</strong></div>
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<a class="external" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-27076_3-57326874-248/iphones-with-airbags-could-be-patent-hints/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #6666ff; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">A separate article on CNET</a> said the idea "bears similarity" to an Amazon patent filing in August that detailed an airbag system for mobile devices that blows up just like airbags in a car.</div>
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"That system also included a vision for creating a reorientation system that would be able to adjust a gadget's position upon dropping, so as to keep sensitive bits from hitting the ground first," it said. <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">— TJD, GMA News</strong></div>
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></strong><br />
<div style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-87589050861084241602014-04-26T21:22:00.000-07:002014-04-26T21:22:00.130-07:00Shape Memory Foam 2Ultra Low Density and Highly Crosslinked Biocompatible Shape Memory Polyurethane Foams<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white;">
For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
Original post:<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/<br />
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J Polym Sci B Polym Phys. Author manuscript; available in PMC May 15, 2013.</div>
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<span class="citation-version"></span><span class="citation-abbreviation">J Polym Sci B Polym Phys. </span><span class="citation-publication-date">May 15, 2012; </span><span class="citation-volume">50</span><span class="citation-issue">(10)</span><span class="citation-flpages">: 724–737.</span></div>
<span class="fm-vol-iss-date">Published online Mar 4, 2012. </span><span class="doi" style="white-space: nowrap;">doi: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fpolb.23056" ref="reftype=other&article-id=3345164&issue-id=209728&journal-id=319&FROM=Article%7CFront%20Matter&TO=Content%20Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI&rendering-type=normal" style="color: #642a8f;" target="pmc_ext">10.1002/polb.23056</a></span></div>
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<h1 class="content-title" lang="en" style="display: none; font-size: 1.3846em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em;">
Ultra Low Density and Highly Crosslinked Biocompatible Shape Memory Polyurethane Foams</h1>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Singhal%20P%5Bauth%5D" style="color: #642a8f;">Pooja Singhal</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Rodriguez%20JN%5Bauth%5D" style="color: #642a8f;">Jennifer N. Rodriguez</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Small%20W%5Bauth%5D" style="color: #642a8f;">Ward Small</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Eagleston%20S%5Bauth%5D" style="color: #642a8f;">Scott Eagleston</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Van%20de%20Water%20J%5Bauth%5D" style="color: #642a8f;">Judy Van de Water</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Maitland%20DJ%5Bauth%5D" style="color: #642a8f;">Duncan J. Maitland</a>,<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">*</span> and<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Wilson%20TS%5Bauth%5D" style="color: #642a8f;">Thomas S. Wilson</a><span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">*</span></div>
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Abstract</h2>
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We report the development of highly chemically crosslinked, ultra low density (~0.015 g/cc) polyurethane shape memory foams synthesized from symmetrical, low molecular weight and branched hydroxyl monomers. Sharp single glass transitions (Tg) customizable in the functional range of 45–70 °C were achieved. Thermomechanical testing confirmed shape memory behavior with 97–98% shape recovery over repeated cycles, a glassy storage modulus of 200–300 kPa and recovery stresses of 5–15 kPa. Shape holding tests under constrained storage above the Tg showed stable shape memory. A high volume expansion of up to 70 times was seen on actuation of these foams from a fully compressed state. Low <em>in-vitro</em> cell activation induced by the foam compared to controls demonstrates low acute bio-reactivity. We believe these porous polymeric scaffolds constitute an important class of novel <em>smart</em>biomaterials with multiple potential applications.</div>
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<strong class="kwd-title">Keywords: </strong><span class="kwd-text">Shape Memory Polymer, Low Density Foams, Polyurethane, Aneurysm, Secondary - shape forming</span></div>
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INTRODUCTION</h2>
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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a fast emerging class of smart materials which can be deformed and stored in a temporary/secondary shape, and thereafter can be actuated on demand via an external stimulus, such as heat or ultraviolet light, to return to their primary shape. Several comprehensive review papers are available on the mechanism of thermally actuated shape memory behavior in polymers.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R1" rid="R1" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">1</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R5" rid="R5" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">5</a></span> They have unique advantages over shape memory alloys such as light weight, large shape recovery of up to 400% plastic strain, non-toxicity, non-mutagenicity, ease of processing and low cost.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R6" id="__tag_259690647" rid="R6" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">6</a></span>Further, a significant level of customizability of material mechanical properties is possible with polymers and multiple chemical formulations for shape memory polymers have already been reported with a wide range of mechanical properties.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R1" rid="R1" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">1</a></span></div>
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Processing SMPs into a porous form further increases the number of applications of these smart materials due to their unique properties including high thermal and electrical insulation, high volume changes on recovery from compressive strain (i.e. low storage volume in compressed state), and low density. SMP foams have been suggested for use in multiple commercial applications.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R7" rid="R7" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">7</a></span> Amongst these, biomedical applications, such as tissue regeneration scaffolds and embolic foams for aneurysm occlusion, are of particular interest to us.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R6" id="__tag_259690649" rid="R6" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">6</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R8" id="__tag_259690652" rid="R8" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">8</a></span> Since a shape memory foam-based medical device can stay in a temporary compressed shape until it is actuated, it can be stored in a compressed state and deployed via a catheterization process. Such minimally invasive procedures can be significantly lower in cost and complications compared to the traditional open surgery. The ability to tailor their actuation temperature based on physiological requirements, and the excellent biocompatibility of polyurethane based SMPs in particular, further enhances the potential biomedical utility of SMP foams.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R6" id="__tag_259690639" rid="R6" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">6</a></span></div>
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Most of the shape memory foams reported for biomedical applications in the literature are based on a thermoplastic polyurethane developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, primarily MF5520, MF6020 and MF21.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R9" rid="R9" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">9</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R11" rid="R11" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">11</a></span> Papers on characterization of Mitsubishi polymers themselves<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R14" rid="R14" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">14</a></span> and some other shape memory foams<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R15" rid="R15" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">15</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R17" rid="R17" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">17</a></span> can be found. While these materials hold promise in several applications<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R6" id="__tag_259690640" rid="R6" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">6</a></span>, some potential limitations from our perspective (i.e. for catheter-based applications) were revealed in their characterization studies. In particular, so-called “secondary-shape forming“ was noticed in which irrecoverable deformation occurred when the material was stored under compression above the glass transition temperature (<em>Tg</em>).<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a></span> In other words, depending on the storage conditions (strain and temperature), the foams could partially or fully lose their capability to expand. Also, their relatively high densities provide relatively low volume expansion of 20 – 30 times.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R9" rid="R9" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">9</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a></span> For a foam cylinder that does not change length, for example, this correlates to a maximum radial expansion of ~5.5 times (=√30). For aneurysm occlusion via microcatheter delivery in which the inner working diameter is ~0.5 mm, this would give a final diameter of 2.75 mm. This level of expansion may not be adequate for the proposed application: the greater the radial expansion of foam, the greater the volume that can be embolized by it for a given microcatheter inner working diameter.</div>
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Our aim in this study was to design an improved polymeric foam system directed towards biomedical applications that shows strong shape memory behavior without secondary-shape forming and volume expansion of greater than 50 times on actuation. In addition, we aimed to achieve high recovery forces, controllable actuation temperatures, good biocompatibility, and an open cell morphology for these new materials. <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F1/" rid-figpopup="F1" rid-ob="ob-F1" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 1</a> gives a schematic representation of the polymer network structure of these foams. Briefly, two points form the core of this design rationale. First, secondary-shape forming in principle occurs from the relaxation of polymer chains in the secondary or deformed shape.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R18" rid="R18" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">18</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R19" rid="R19" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">19</a></span> So, a chemically crosslinked structure with high density of crosslinks can potentially avoid the secondary-shape forming phenomenon by providing a permanent and strongly constrained polymer network that limits chain relaxation.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R18" rid="R18" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">18</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R20" id="__tag_259690643" rid="R20" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">20</a></span> Second, for achieving a larger expansion ratio, a lower density foam is desired. Low density can potentially allow a foam sample to be compressed to smaller dimensions and thus lead to a larger volume expansion on actuation. The following materials and foaming process were considered in the development of these foams:</div>
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<li><strong>Material choice:</strong> Neat polymers reported by Wilson et al.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> were used as the basis of these foams. These neat polymers made from N,N,N‘,N‘-Tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED), 2,2',2"-Nitrilotriethanol (TEA) and 1, 6 Diisocyanatohexane (HDI), had a regular and highly chemically crosslinked network structure with low molecular weight between crosslinks.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> These materials were developed specifically to possess high modulus (<em>E</em> ~ 3<em>n<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>RT</em>, where <em>E</em> is the Young’s modulus, <em>n<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span></em> the number crosslinks per unit volume, <em>R</em> the ideal gas constant and T the system temperature), high recovery stresses, sharp and controllable actuation temperatures, and strong shape memory behavior.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> Since the density of foamed polymer has a strong effect on its modulus, <em>E<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">porous</span></em> = <em>E<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">neat</span></em>[ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span>/ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span>]<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> for open cell foams, where <em>E<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">porous</span></em> and <em>E<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">neat</span></em> are the Young’s moduli of porous and neat materials and ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span> and ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span> are the densities of porous and neat materials respectively,<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R22" rid="R22" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">22</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R24" rid="R24" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">24</a></span> these materials with a neat glassy modulus in the GPa range were expected to perform well at low densities. Their tight network structure with high density of covalent crosslinks was expected to limit secondary-shape forming. Also, the aliphatic monomers in this system were favorable for biocompatibility, as was demonstrated in an in-vitro study.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R25" id="__tag_259690650" rid="R25" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">25</a></span></li>
<li><strong>Foaming process:</strong> A gas foaming procedure was used for the synthesis of low density foams based on highly crosslinked neat materials. Multiple techniques are available for generation of a porous polymer structure, including particulate leaching, fiber bonding, saturation with supercritical gases, high internal phase emulsion polymerization, thermally induced phase separation, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling and gas foaming.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R26" rid="R26" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">26</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R33" id="__tag_259690645" rid="R33" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">33</a></span> However, most of these methods, including particulate leaching<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R34" id="__tag_259690646" rid="R34" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">34</a></span>, stereolithography<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R29" id="__tag_318895297" rid="R29" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">29</a></span>, selective laser sintering and fused deposition modeling, do not yield low enough densities. Thermally induced phase separation is not suitable for crosslinked systems due to the requirement of a polymer solution. High internal phase emulsion polymerization is used primarily for chain growth reactions<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R35" id="__tag_259690642" rid="R35" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">35</a></span> or has low control of foam structure in step growth reaction<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R36" rid="R36" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">36</a></span>. Also, use of supercritical CO<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> in foaming has poor control of foam density as the polymer crosslink density is increased.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R37" rid="R37" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">37</a></span> Amongst these methods, gas foaming was considered to be the most promising technique for making low density foams based on polyurethane chemistry.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R38" rid="R38" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">38</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span> This technique has no direct limitations on foaming of highly crosslinked materials, and multiple additives are available commercially to modulate physical properties of the foams.</li>
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<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F1/" rid-figpopup="F1" rid-ob="ob-F1" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 1" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f1.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f1.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 1" /></a><br />
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A schematic representation of the network structure of (a) physically crosslinked traditional polyurethane foams and (b) proposed chemically crosslinked foams from low molecular weight monomers.</div>
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This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of these novel materials. Further, the properties of these foams are compared with other commerically available SMP foam materials to exemplify their significance and utility as a biomaterial.</div>
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EXPERIMENTAL</h2>
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Foam Synthesis</h3>
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N,N,N‘,N‘-Tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine (HPED, 99%, Sigma Aldrich Inc.), 2,2',2"-Nitrilotriethanol (TEA, 98%, Alfa Aesar Inc.), 1,6-Diisocyanatohexane (HDI, TCI America Inc.), and DI water (Millipore water purifier system, Millipore Inc., >17M ohm-cm purity), were used as received. Foams were synthesized in a three step method. First a NCO premix, or prepolymer with excess isocyanate, was made by mixing 35–40 equivalents of hydroxyl groups from varying ratios of HPED and TEA, with 100 equivalents of isocyanate groups. This NCO premix was allowed to cure for 2 days under Nitrogen. Secondly, a hydroxyl (OH) premix was made by mixing together all the balance hydroxyl groups with the surfactants and catalysts as per the amounts indicated in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/" rid-figpopup="T1" rid-ob="ob-T1" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 1</a>. Finally in the third step, the NCO premix and OH premix were mixed together in stoichiometric amounts, maintaining a 104 isocyanate index, along with the physical blowing agent, Enovate. The foam thus made was allowed to cure for at least a week before further analysis.</div>
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<a class="table img_link icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/" rid-figpopup="T1" rid-ob="ob-T1" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="table"><img alt="Table 1" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/?report=thumb" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/?report=previmg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Table 1" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/" rid-figpopup="T1" rid-ob="ob-T1" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="table">Table 1</a></div>
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Scheme of foam formulation. The wt % value represents the net amount of the component in the final foamed polymer.</div>
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A series of foams with varying ratios of TEA vs. HPED in the net formulation were prepared as indicated in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/" rid-figpopup="T1" rid-ob="ob-T1" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 1</a> to control the <em>Tg</em>. The notation H80, H60, H40, H20 and H0 denotes HPED equivalents satifying 80, 60, 40, 20 and 0 % isocyanate equivalents, respectively, excluding the 41% equivalents satisfied by water. These correspond to the neat/unfoamed compositions of A3, A5, A7, A9 and A11, respectively, as reported by Wilson et al.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> Since the final foam density is dependent on the concentration of gas present in the foaming solution at any given time,<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span> a combination of physical and chemical blowing processes was used in the foam synthesis to increase the effective concentration of gas in the foaming polymer. Also, to prevent formation of large voids in the foam in case the gas concentration goes beyond the Critical Limiting Supersaturation (CLS) level of the foaming solution,<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span>simultaneous adjustment of other foaming additives, such as surfactants and catalysts, was performed to control the rate of the polymerization reaction, formation of foam cells and drainage of polymer from the cell membranes.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R41" rid="R41" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">41</a></span> A surfactant type was chosen through qualitative consideration of monomer and blowing agent cohesive energies involving their polarity, hydogen bonding potential and dispersive forces. For controlling the rate of isocyanate reaction with water and other hydroxyl monomers, a two catalyst system including a) a general amine-based catalyst for CO<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> generation and b) a tin-based catalyst for gelation reaction, was used. Optimization of the net formulation was done empirically with a starting point based on the supplier’s (Air Products and Honeywell Corp.) foam additive specifications, and the previous literature on traditional polyurethane foams.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span> <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/" rid-figpopup="T1" rid-ob="ob-T1" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 1</a> summarizes the synthesis details of these materials for all tested compositions.</div>
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Foam Characterization</h3>
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Density and Cell Structure</h4>
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Core density of a representative foam sample was measured from top, middle and bottom sections of the foams as per the ASTM standard D-3574-08. Also core density of five samples from the top and middle sections was measured for each foam formulation to estimate the variation in densities across a given foam. For cell structure characterization, thin slices were cut from a representative top section of the foams, and images were captured in the brightfield mode on a Leica MZ8 microscope (Leica Microsystems Inc.) using RSImage Software (Roper Scientific Inc.).</div>
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A more in-depth cell structure analysis was done on a H60 foam sample using micro-CT imaging. The sample was imaged using a Skyscan 1172 micro-CT<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R42" id="__tag_318895299" rid="R42" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">42</a></span> (Micro Photonics Inc.) with a 40 kV source voltage, 250 uA source current, object to source distance of 49.48 mm and camera to source distance of 208.96 mm. These settings resulted in a reconstructed volume of foam that had a resolution of 4.15 um per voxel. For analysis of cell sizes in the reconstructed foam volume, image processing software Amira 5.3 (Visage Imaging Inc.) was used. Polar diameter (parallel to the direction of foam rise) and equatorial diameter (perpendicular to the direction of foam rise) of the ellipsoid-like cells were measured at 500 um increments throughout the volume via manual edge detection method. In all, a cylindrical volume 6 mm in diameter and 5.12 mm high, was analyzed. Foamview software<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R42" id="__tag_318895298" rid="R42" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">42</a></span> was used to estimate the average strut length and pore size of the foams.</div>
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Solvent swelling and extraction</h4>
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Solvent swelling and extraction experiments were carried out with Dimethylformamide (DMF; >99.8%, EMD Chemicals Inc.) as this was found to be the best solvent for such compositions.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> Cylindrical foam samples (8 mm diameter and 2 cm height) were predried for 2 hours at 100 °C and 1 atm vacuum. The dried samples were extracted in DMF at a 25 times excess of the bulk volume of foams. Care was taken to remove the bubbles on the foam surface that can prevent adequate contact of the material with solvent. The extraction was performed on three samples of each composition for 24 hours. Post extraction the samples were vacuum dried for 24 hours at 50 °C and mass loss was measured.</div>
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR)</h4>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P14" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
The FTIR-ATR spectra was generated on a H60 foam and the corresponding neat sample using a ATR Max II reflectance accessory (Pike Technologies Inc.) on a Tensor 27 Fourier Transform Infra Red instrument (Bruker Corp.) at a 45 degree angle of incidence. 150 scans at a resolution of 4 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> were taken in the wavenumber range of 4000 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> to 600 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> and background was subtracted. Testing was done in triplicate to ensure repeatability. Correction for atmospheric Water vapor and Carbon dioxide absorption was performed by subtracting respective reference spectra using the OPUS 5.5 software (Bruker Corp.).</div>
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Differential Scanning Calorimetry</h4>
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<em>Tg</em> was measured using a Pyris Diamond DSC (Perkin Elmer Inc.). A 3–5 mg sample was loaded in a vented aluminum pan at room temperature, cooled to −40 °C and then run through a heat - cool - heat cycle from −40 to 120 °C. The half height of transition during second heat was taken as an estimate of the <em>Tg</em>.</div>
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Mechanical characterization</h4>
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Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis</h5>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P16" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
For characterizing the mechanical properties of the foams as a function of temperature, a dynamic temperature ramp test was performed on a ARES-LS2 Rheometer (TA Instruments Inc.). A torsion rectangle test fixture was used on samples cut to approximately 45 mm long, 12 mm wide, and 6 mm thick with a gap distance of 25 mm. The samples were prepared by embedding both ends in a polyurethane neat polymer to prevent damage and slippage of the foam sample in the metal grips. Dynamic temperature ramp tests were then run for each formulation in triplicate, at a frequency of 1 Hz and constant heating rate of 1 °C min<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> from 25 to 120 °C. An initial shear strain of 0.2% was used. However, as temperature increased, it was adjusted by the control software to maintain a torque range of 0.5 to 5 g cm, allowing a maximum strain of 10% (still within the linear viscoelastic region) at high temperatures. Data points were collected every 5 seconds. Dynamic shear storage modulus (<em>G’</em>), dynamic shear loss modulus (<em>G”</em>), and their ratio tan δ (=<em>G”</em>/<em>G’</em>) were recorded using the Orchestrator™ software (TA Instruments Inc.).</div>
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Shape Memory Behavior</h5>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P17" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
For measuring the shape memory behavior, constrained stress recovery tests were performed in compressive mode using parallel plate fixtures in a ARES-LS2 rheometer on H60 and H20 cylindrical foam samples (~20 mm diameter and 15 mm height). The sample was first heated up to a temperature of <em>Tg</em>+30 °C and deformed to a 80% compressive strain at a rate of 2.5 mm min<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span>. Thereafter the sample was cooled to <em>Tg</em>−20 °C and then heated back up to <em>Tg</em>+30 °C mantaining the 80% strain. At the end of cool-heat cycle, the strain was released at a rate of 2.5 mm min<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> and recovered strain was measured from the distance between the plates at a 10 g axial force. Five cycles were performed on each of the three samples tested.</div>
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Effect of Storage Temperature on Shape Recovery</h5>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P18" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
The behavior of stress vs. time was studied for H60 and H20 cylindrical samples (20 mm diameter and 20 mm height), using parallel plate fixtures in a ARES-LS2 rheometer. Sample size and test conditions were chosen to match the test method reported by Tobushi et al.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a></span> A deformation to 80% compressive strain was performed at a rate of 2.5 mm min<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> at<em>Tg</em>+30 °C temperature. The compressed sample was then brought to the test temperature, <em>Tg</em>+60 °C,<em>Tg</em>+30 °C, <em>Tg</em> or <em>Tg</em>−30 °C, and held at this temperature for 2 hours. Thereafter the temperature was brought back to <em>Tg</em>+30 °C and strain was released at 2.5 mm min<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span>. The strain recovery was measured using calipers. All the compositions were tested for % shape recovery after hold at the Tg+60 °C temperature.</div>
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Maximum Volume Expansion</h5>
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Maximum volume expansion for foam samples was measured using a SC150-42 Stent Crimper (Machine Solutions Inc.). Cylindrical foam samples 6 mm in diameter were loaded in the crimper and compressed as small as possible, at <em>Tg</em>+30 °C, by setting the target diameter to zero. They were then allowed to cool down to room temperature to fix the compressed shape. The actual compressed diameter was measured using a digital micrometer. Finally, the samples were heated back to <em>Tg</em>+30 °C in air, and the recovered diameter was measured using calipers. Net volume expansion was calculated (ignoring any change in length) as follows:</div>
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<span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="M1" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 29.282em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 30.175em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.172em 1000.003em 2.821em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.333em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">Volume expansion</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-5" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">=</span><span class="msup" id="MathJax-Span-6" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 20.347em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.309em 1000.003em 2.753em -0.546em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.265em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-8" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">recovered diameter</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-10" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">/</span><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">compressed diameter</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.271em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 19.797em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.54em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.065em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.34em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; display: inline-block; height: 1.27em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.33em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span></div>
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Biocompatibility Study</h4>
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<em>In vitro</em> biocompatibility testing was performed to estimate the biological response of these foams. Representative H80 foam samples were first cut into discs of approximately 12 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness, and then cleaned and sterilized using ethylene dioxide gas. Biocompatiblity was evaluated by measuring cytokine expression as per Cabanlit et al.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R25" id="__tag_259690651" rid="R25" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">25</a></span> Blood of 5 female and 5 male human subjects was used following the approved human subject protocol 993120, University of California, Davis. Peripheral blood from these subjects was collected and stored in citrate tubes which allowed the stabilization of pertinent cell populations of the cell culture. Next, the collected blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernantant plasma was separated. For testing the material biocompatibility, SMP foam discs were incubated using X-vivo media (serum-free medium; Cambrex Corp.) and 1:1 plasma-free whole blood. Positive controls included two mitogens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma-Aldrich) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA, Sigma-Aldrich Inc.), added to the whole blood cultures at amounts of 25 µg mL<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> and 50 µg mL<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> respectively. As a measure of the background activation, a control test of cells incubated in media without SMP foam material was performed. The samples were kept incubated at 37 °C in 24-well plates for a duration of 48 hours. This duration was chosen to allow measurable production of all cytokines, including those derived from T lymphocytes.</div>
<div class="p p-last" id="P21" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
After the 48 hour incubation, the culture supernatants were collected and stored at −20 °C. These were then tested with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, Duoset ELISA Development System kits (R&D Systems Inc.)) for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Optical density readings at 570 nm were subtracted from those at 450 nm to account for optical imperfections. Mean optical density was recorded for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 over duplicate sample runs. A standard linear curve of optical density reading versus concentrations (pg mL<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span>) on a log−log scale was used to convert optical density values to concentrations, and their average and standard deviations were calculated. P-values (one-tailed t-test) were calculated to determine if cell activation was significantly higher compared to the media alone (0.05 significance level).</div>
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<h2 class="head no_bottom_margin ui-helper-clearfix" id="S15title" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #985735; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1.0666em; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0px;">
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</h2>
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Density and cell structure</h3>
<div class="p p-first" id="P22" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T1/" rid-figpopup="T1" rid-ob="ob-T1" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 1</a> shows the composition of different foams analyzed in this study, and representative densities of the foams are reported in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 2</a>. Average densities of 0.021±0.002, 0.019±0.001, 0.016±0.001, 0.021±0.001 and 0.020±0.005 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span> were recorded for foam compositions of H0 through H80 respectively over five samples in the top and middle sections. These correspond to an average porosity [= (ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span> − ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span>)/ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span>] of ~98 % and a high average theoretical volume expansibility (= ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span>/ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span>) of 64 ± 9 times; here ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span> ~1.174 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span> is the neat polymer density, and ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span> is the foam density. The small variation in densities in middle and top sections of the foam indicates a fairly uniform structure. Comparatively higher density is seen in the bottom section of foams in some cases. This is attributed to the effect of gravity on the rising foams as is typically seen in blown foams<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R43" rid="R43" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">43</a></span>, and is accounted for in the foam characterization by taking the top/middle areas of the foams for the characterization tests.</div>
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<a class="table img_link icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="table"><img alt="Table 2" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/?report=thumb" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/?report=previmg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Table 2" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="table">Table 2</a></div>
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Summary of key properties of the foams.</div>
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<div id="P23" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Optical microscopy (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F2" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F2/" rid-figpopup="F2" rid-ob="ob-F2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 2</a>) shows a mixed closed to open cell structure for these foams, with thin residual membranes on the foam cells. Here the terms open or closed cell should be considered with reservations. Since some texts classify foams into just two categories of closed and open cells<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span>, and others classify them into three categories of closed, open and reticulated cells<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R44" rid="R44" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">44</a></span>, these terms can be ambiguous. Generally, blown foams have been found to retain thin residual membranes post-synthesis, and removal of these membranes (up to 97%) to make foams completely open cell or reticulated invariably requires secondary physical processes such as hydrolysis, oxidation, heat or mechanical treatment.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span> Here, we classify these as-processed foams as effectively closed cell, or mixed closed to open cell, due to the presence of cell membranes which may impede the free movement of blood or interstitial fluid through the foam.</div>
<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F2" id="F2" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F2/" rid-figpopup="F2" rid-ob="ob-F2" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 2" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f2.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f2.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 2" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F2/" rid-figpopup="F2" rid-ob="ob-F2" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 2</a></div>
<div>
Representative cell structure of foams for all the formulations H80 through H0. Foams of all formulations show a mixed, closed to open cell structure, with thin cell membranes between struts. The residual thin cell membranes can be seen in the magnified <strong>...</strong></div>
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<div id="P24" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Some variation in the average cell size was seen for foams across different formulations (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F2" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F2/" rid-figpopup="F2" rid-ob="ob-F2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 2</a>). This could be due to the different hydrophobicity, or different viscosity of the foaming solutions across the formulations at varying ratios of HPED and TEA. Indeed, in an ongoing separate study in which the viscosity of the foaming solution was the manipulated parameter, cell sizes of resulting foams could be precisely controlled, and were generally seen to decrease with increase in the viscosity of the foaming solution. <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F3" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F3/" rid-figpopup="F3" rid-ob="ob-F3" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 3</a> shows a histogram of cell size distribution within a H60 foam sample. Its pore cells were found to be anisotropic as is typically seen for blown foams.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span> They were approximately 1000 µm tall in the direction of free-rise during foaming, and 700 µm wide. Using the image analysis software Foamview<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R42" id="__tag_318895300" rid="R42" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">42</a></span>, the H60 foams were found to have strut length of approximately 400 µm, and an average pore volume of 7 × 10<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span> µm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span>.</div>
<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F3" id="F3" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F3/" rid-figpopup="F3" rid-ob="ob-F3" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 3" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f3.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f3.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 3" /></a><br />
<div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="lgnd_F3" style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: top;">
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F3/" rid-figpopup="F3" rid-ob="ob-F3" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 3</a></div>
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Histogram showing cell size distribution of H60 foam. It is seen that the pore cells are anisotropic, being taller, approximately 1000 µm, than they are wide, approximately 700 µm. Here equatorial measurements represent lateral diameters <strong>...</strong></div>
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<div class="p p-last" id="P25" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Currently in the literature low density foams have been reported mostly down to the lower limit of 0.02–0.03 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>. Some foams with densities down to 0.006 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span> have been reported, but a high amount of water (~75 wt %) was used in their synthesis.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R45" rid="R45" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">45</a></span> This is not preferable for our application, as using high amounts of water as a chemical blowing agent will interfere with the desired chemically crosslinked network structure of the material. Also foams with densities down to 0.016 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span> have been achieved by varying the polyol type and amounts.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R46" rid="R46" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">46</a></span> However, to our knowledge, SMP foams with densities less than 0.02 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span> have not been previously reported. Also, low density SMP foams with a network structure involving such high density of chemical crosslinks have not been reported.</div>
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<h3 style="color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9333em; line-height: 1.2857; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;">
Solvent swelling and extraction</h3>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P26" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Solvent extraction results for all foam formulations are given in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 2</a>. The foam samples were all well swollen and without air bubbles in the DMF media. Results show that approximately 96 to 99% of the initial monomers were incorporated into the polymer network. The composition of the soluble fraction was not determined, but it is expected to be a combination of residual foaming additives, such as surfactants and catalysts, and impurities in the original monomers. Also, some mass loss was apparent from slight mechanical damage to the foams incurred during removal of bubbles. This indicates that >85% of functional groups were consumed in reaction<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> and that the resulting network is indeed a highly crosslinked one.</div>
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR)</h3>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P27" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
FTIR-ATR of a H60 foam and corresponding neat polymer is shown in <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F4" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F4/" rid-figpopup="F4" rid-ob="ob-F4" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 4a</a>. The neat polymer spectra is offset by 0.03 absorbance units with respect to the foam spectra for clarity. Details of the peak assignment in polyurethane foams can be found in other references.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R47" rid="R47" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">47</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R50" rid="R50" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">50</a></span> The absorption spectra showed a strong C=O urethane peak at 1689 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span>. A C=O peak has previously been reported for polyurethanes at 1703–1710 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1 <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R49" rid="R49" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">49</a></span>, 1694 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1 <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R50" rid="R50" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">50</a></span> and 1706–1713 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1 <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R47" rid="R47" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">47</a></span> for hydrogen bonded urethane, and 1730–1740 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1 <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R49" rid="R49" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">49</a></span>, 1729–1739 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1 <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R47" rid="R47" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">47</a></span> and 1725 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1 <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R50" rid="R50" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">50</a></span> for free urethane. Hence a shift of C=O peak to 1689 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> in these foams suggests a more strongly hydrogen bonded structure than is seen with previously reported polyurethane foams.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R47" rid="R47" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">47</a>–<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R50" rid="R50" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">50</a></span> Based on the molecular structure of these foams, an average theoretical molecular weight between chemical crosslinks can be calculated as 270–440 g mol<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span>. Further, approximately 2–3 urethane and/or urea bonds may be present between the chemical crosslinks for every segment. Hence these foams are expected to develop a high density of hydrogen bonds, which explains the shift of the urethane peak to a lower wavenumber in the FTIR spectra. This is in contrast with the traditional polyurethane foams, which typically have base polyols with molecular weights in the range of a few thousand grams per mole<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R40" rid="R40" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">40</a></span>. Two important differences are seen between the spectra of the neat polymer and foam: 1) presence of a shoulder in the 1620–1660 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> range indicating presence of urea linkages in the foam from the use of water as a chemical blowing agent (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F4" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F4/" rid-figpopup="F4" rid-ob="ob-F4" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 4b</a>) and 2) a comparatively broader peak from 3100–3500 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> in the foam indicating increased hydrogen bonded N-H vibrations (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F4" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F4/" rid-figpopup="F4" rid-ob="ob-F4" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 4c</a>).<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R50" rid="R50" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">50</a></span> Polyurea segments are reported to show characteristic absorption at 1690–1700 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> in free form, 1660–1670 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> in disordered hydrogen bonded form, and 1630–1645 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> in ordered hydrogen bonded form.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R47" rid="R47" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">47</a></span> The urea shoulder suggests a peak at ~1650 cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−1</span> (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F4" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F4/" rid-figpopup="F4" rid-ob="ob-F4" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 4b</a>) indicating presence of hydrogen bonding in the urea segments but not quite as strong as that found in ordered urea segments. This may be due to the high crosslink density that can interfere with the alignment of urea bonds, and prevent formation of as strong a hydrogen bonding as is typically found in the hard segments of polyurethanes.</div>
<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F4" id="F4" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F4/" rid-figpopup="F4" rid-ob="ob-F4" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 4" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f4.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f4.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 4" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F4/" rid-figpopup="F4" rid-ob="ob-F4" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 4</a></div>
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(a) A comparison between the FTIR-ATR spectra of an unfoamed neat polymer (offset by 0.03 absorbance units) and foam of the corresponding formulation. Some important features are seen: 1) presence of a shoulder in the urethane carbonyl bond (1620–1660 <strong>...</strong></div>
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<h3 style="color: #724128; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.9333em; line-height: 1.2857; margin: 1.2856em 0px 0.6428em;">
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)</h3>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P28" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
DSC curves of these foams are shown in <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F5" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F5/" rid-figpopup="F5" rid-ob="ob-F5" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 5</a>. Results show that glass transition/actuation temperature (<em>Tg</em>) could be precisely controlled in the functional range of 44–69 °C by varying the ratio of HPED to TEA in the foam formulation (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F5" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F5/" rid-figpopup="F5" rid-ob="ob-F5" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 5</a>, <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 2</a>). A higher content of HPED gave a higher<em>Tg</em>. This agrees well with the results of Wilson et al.,<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> and can be due to the secondary hydroxyl group of HPED, which positions a methyl group adjacent to the urethane bond. This methyl group can present steric hinderance to rotational motion around the urethane linkage and increase the <em>Tg</em>. Also HPED has a functionality of four which gives a higher crosslink density to the polymer structure, and can increase its <em>Tg</em> in comparison to trifuncional TEA. However, the transition values don’t exactly match the respective compositions in Wilson et al.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> This can be explained from the use of water as a chemical blowing agent, which introduces urea groups in the network and thereby increases the <em>Tg</em>. Also, the <em>as synthesized</em> foam samples can have some residual foaming additives, such as surfactants and catalysts, that can possibly lead to a decrease in <em>Tg</em> by plasticization. We are currently working on understanding the effect of urea bonds and residual foaming additives in more detail for blown foams.</div>
<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F5" id="F5" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F5/" rid-figpopup="F5" rid-ob="ob-F5" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 5" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f5.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f5.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 5" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F5/" rid-figpopup="F5" rid-ob="ob-F5" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 5</a></div>
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DSC curves for each foam formulation. A variation in <em>Tg</em> of approximately 45–70 °C was achieved by varying the ratio of HPED to TEA in the foam formulation. A higher HPED content gave a higher glass transition value. This is likely due <strong>...</strong></div>
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Mechanical properties</h3>
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<h4 class="inline" style="color: #59331f; display: inline; float: left; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.86666em !important; line-height: 1.6923; margin: 0px 0px -0.125em; padding-right: 0.3em;">
Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis</h4>
<div class="p p-first" id="P29" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
The dynamic temperature ramp test results are shown in <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F6" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F6/" rid-figpopup="F6" rid-ob="ob-F6" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 6</a>. A drop in modulus is observed across the <em>Tg</em> of the foam, going from 200–300 kPa in the glassy state to 5–15 kPa in the rubbery state. Values of <em>G’</em> in the rubbery and glassy states, <em>T<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">onset</span></em> (temperature at the intersection of the baseline and leading edge of the peak in <em>tan</em> δ), <em>T</em><span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">δ<em>s</em></span> (temperature at the peak in <em>tan</em>δ), Δ<em>T</em> (breadth of transition = 2(<em>T</em><span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">δ<em>s</em></span>−<em>T<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">onset</span></em>) according to Yackaki et al.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R51" id="__tag_318895301" rid="R51" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">51</a></span>) and <em>tan</em> δ values at <em>T</em><span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">δ<em>s</em></span> for all formulations are given in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 2</a>. The rubbery state modulus of shape memory polymers is a measure of force of recovery on actuation, and the ratio of the glassy state to the rubbery state modulus, defined as <em>G‘</em>(<em>Tg</em> − 20 °C)/<em>G‘</em>(<em>Tg</em> + 20 °C), is an indicator of the shape fixity of an SMP.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> The modulus of these foams drops by ~30 times across the transition. While this is not as high as reported for other SMPs in general, shape memory behavior is still quite strong for these foams (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F7" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 7</a>), particularly for such low densities. A trade-off that comes with the high modulus values and highly crosslinked network structure of these foams is the limited elongation at failure (~35% for neat unfoamed films).<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> But with the typically polyhedral shape of the foam cells, individual cell struts undergo only small tensile strains during compression, as they are made to bend and align together. Hence the low net elongation to failure is acceptable for the proposed applications of these foams.</div>
<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F6" id="F6" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F6/" rid-figpopup="F6" rid-ob="ob-F6" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 6" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f6.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f6.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 6" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F6/" rid-figpopup="F6" rid-ob="ob-F6" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 6</a></div>
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DMTA curves of H0–H80 samples. Variation in transition temperatures is similar to the DSC results.</div>
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<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F7" id="F7" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 7" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f7a.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f7a.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 7" /><img alt="Figure 7" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f7b.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f7b.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 7" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 7</a></div>
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Shape memory cycles performed on a H20 foam sample (Tg~50 °C) in a constrained stress recovery mode. (a) Four steps of Shape Memory cycle are shown: (A) Loading: The sample heated up to<em>Tg</em>+30 °C and a 80% compressive strain applied. (B) <strong>...</strong></div>
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<div class="p p-last" id="P30" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
It is noteworthy that the shear storage modulus is found to approximately scale with the density in accordance with <em>G’<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">porous</span></em>= <em>G‘<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">neat</span></em>(ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span>/ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span>)<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> in the glassy regime, which has been shown to be true for ideal open cell foams.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R24" rid="R24" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">24</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R52" rid="R52" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">52</a></span> Here ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span> ~1.174 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>, <em>G‘<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">neat</span></em>= 700–905 MPa, and average ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span>~ 0.019 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>, yielding calculated <em>G’<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">porous</span></em>=183–237 kPa. This result is in good agreement with the measured average <em>G’<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;">porous</span></em> ~212–260 kPa,<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class=" fn" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#FN1" rid="FN1" style="color: #642a8f;">1</a></span> indicating that these foams have primarily an open cell behavior from a mechanical standpoint. This is consistent with the cell structure images, and confirms that although cell membranes are present they are sufficiently thin and do not affect the mechanical behavior of the foam significantly.</div>
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<h4 class="inline" style="color: #59331f; display: inline; float: left; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.86666em !important; line-height: 1.6923; margin: 0px 0px -0.125em; padding-right: 0.3em;">
Shape Memory Behavior</h4>
<div class="p p-first" id="P31" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Five shape memory cycles on a H20 foam sample are shown in <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F7" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 7</a>. A typical shape memory response is seen in a cycle of four key steps, as depicted in <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F7" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 7a</a>. The first step of <em><strong>Loading</strong></em> shows an increase in stress as the sample is deformed to 80% compressive strain at <em>Tg</em>+30 °C. The second step of <em><strong>Fixing</strong></em> reduces the stress rapidly across the <em>Tg</em> as the sample is cooled from<em>Tg</em>+30 °C to <em>Tg</em>−20 °C. The third step of constrained <em><strong>Stress recovery</strong></em> increases the stress back up to ~10 kPa via heating to <em>Tg</em>+30 °C. Finally the fourth step of <em><strong>unloading</strong></em> reduces the stress to zero as the strain is removed, and the foam recovers its primary shape.</div>
<div id="P32" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F7" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 7b and 7c</a> show the behavior of stress vs. strain and stress vs. temperature for 5 shape memory cycles on these foams, respectively. The first cycle shows the highest stress values, followed by the second cycle, and thereafter all the cycles show significant overlap. Hysteresis in the initial cycles is presumed to be from the changes in the macrostructure of foams, such as breaking of some cell membranes or damage to cell struts. Also changes at the microstructural level due to residual stresses in the material and re-arrangement of side groups and dangling ends in the polymer can contribute to hysteresis.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a></span> An average recovery of 92±2%, 95±3%, 96±1%, 97±1% and 97±1% was measured in cycles 1 through 5 respectively, over 3 samples for H20 samples. For H60 samples these values were 93±2%, 95±1%, 97±1%, 97±1%, 97±1% respectively. High strain recovery in later cycles demonstrates close to an ideal spring behavior, consistent with the low values of <em>tan</em> δ of these foams (<a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 2</a>).</div>
<div id="P33" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
The stress values of ~ 10–22 kPa as seen in <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F7" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 7</a> may seem low compared to the typical values of polymeric foams. However, their low density of 0.018 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span> as well as rubbery state should be considered. By calculating the corresponding stresses for these foams at higher densities using known scaling relationships, we can compare them to other published SMP foams under similar test conditions. Ashby and Gibson<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R24" rid="R24" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">24</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R52" rid="R52" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">52</a></span> demonstrated that the compressive stresses of a wide range of flexible and rigid polymer foams scale approximately with the material density as follows (valid for open cell foams with <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: #888888;"></span><span aria-readonly="true" class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" role="textbox" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; 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border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-17" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.141em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.302em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(3.44em 1000.003em 4.471em -0.615em); left: 24.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.577em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.739em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-19" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.165em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.378em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.921em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">ρ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.485em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.715em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">porous</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.99em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(3.44em 1000.003em 4.402em -0.615em); left: 24.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.165em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.639em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-22" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.34em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.378em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.921em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">ρ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.485em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.715em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">neat</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.99em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(0.828em 1000.003em 1.309em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.302em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3.302em; display: inline-block; height: 1.25px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.103em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">0.3</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.34em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; display: inline-block; height: 1.67em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.597em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span>)<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R24" rid="R24" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">24</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R52" rid="R52" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">52</a></span>: <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: #888888;"></span><span aria-readonly="true" class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" role="textbox" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;"><nobr style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="math" id="M3" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 16.979em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 17.46em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(0.485em 1000.003em 3.165em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.333em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-30" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-31" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.447em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.447em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.058em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">σ<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.065em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.691em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.784em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">el</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">∝</span><span class="msup" id="MathJax-Span-35" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 5.433em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.859em 1000.003em 4.058em -0.409em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.227em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span></span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.141em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.302em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(3.44em 1000.003em 4.471em -0.615em); left: 24.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.577em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.739em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.165em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.378em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.921em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">ρ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.485em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.715em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">porous</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.99em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(3.44em 1000.003em 4.402em -0.615em); left: 24.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.165em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.639em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.34em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.378em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.921em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">ρ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.485em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.715em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">neat</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.99em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(0.828em 1000.003em 1.309em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.302em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3.302em; display: inline-block; height: 1.25px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.103em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.234em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 4.883em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.952em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.065em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-50" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">;</span><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.141em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.515em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.447em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.058em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">σ<span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.065em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.691em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.784em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">pl</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">∝</span><span class="msup" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.278em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 5.845em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.859em 1000.003em 4.058em -0.409em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.227em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-57" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">(</span></span><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-58" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.141em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.302em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(3.44em 1000.003em 4.471em -0.615em); left: 24.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.577em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.739em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-61" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 3.165em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.378em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.921em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-62" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">ρ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.485em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.715em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">porous</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.99em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(3.44em 1000.003em 4.402em -0.615em); left: 24.015625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.165em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.639em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-64" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="msub" id="MathJax-Span-65" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.34em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.378em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.921em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-66" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">ρ</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 0.485em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.715em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mtext" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">neat</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.928em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.99em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(0.828em 1000.003em 1.309em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.302em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 3.302em; display: inline-block; height: 1.25px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.103em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; font-family: MathJax_Size2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">)</span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.234em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; left: 4.883em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.876em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-69" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-70" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.141em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.622em;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.515em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 4.515625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.203em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.402em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-71" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">3</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.065em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1.515em 1000.003em 2.271em -0.615em); left: 4.515625px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.203em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.646em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;">2</span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.065em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(0.828em 1000.003em 1.309em -0.615em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.234em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px;"><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.622em; display: inline-block; height: 1.25px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 0px;"></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.103em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.99em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.34em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="-webkit-transition: none; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 0.003em; display: inline-block; height: 2.337em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.663em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> where σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>el</em></span> and σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>pl</em></span> are the stresses in elastic and plastic deformation regimes, and ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>porous</em></span> and ρ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>neat</em></span> are densities of porous and neat forms of polymer, respectively. Since the strain of shape memory materials is largely recoverable, the compressive stresses should be valid in the non-linear elastic deformation regime (i.e. σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>el</em></span>), but both σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>el</em></span>and σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>pl</em></span> are considered here for a more complete comparison.</div>
<div class="p p-last" id="P34" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
A commercial thermoset epoxy foam (density 0.2 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>), for instance, was reported to have stress of ~38 kPa at 60% compressive strain at 30 °C above <em>Tg</em>.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R16" rid="R16" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">16</a></span> Compressive stress of the foam reported here is ~4.5 kPa under similar conditions (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F7" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F7/" rid-figpopup="F7" rid-ob="ob-F7" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 7b</a>). As a comparison, values of σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>el</em></span> and σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>pl</em></span> for these foams at 0.2 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span> density would scale to ~556 kPa and 167 kPa based on the above relations. Polyether polyol based polyurethanes reported by Domeier et al. (density 0.21 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>) showed peak recovery stresses in the range of 1000 kPa on 80% compressive strain at <em>Tg</em>.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R15" rid="R15" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">15</a></span> Stresses for the foams reported here are ~15 kPa under similar conditions except that compression for these was done at <em>Tg</em>+30 °C. This would scale to σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>el</em></span>~2000 kPa and σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>pl</em></span>~598 kPa for a density of 0.21 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>. A polyether polyol series polyurethane foam from Mitsubishi Industries, MF6020, (density of approximately 0.032 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3 <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R6" id="__tag_259690644" rid="R6" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">6</a></span>) reported about 48 kPa compressive stress at 80% strain at 30 °C above <em>Tg</em>.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a></span> The foams reported here have stresses of ~15 kPa under similar conditions, and would scale to σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>el</em></span>~47 kPa and σ<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><em>pl</em></span>~36 kPa, respectively. Hence after accounting for the low densities, recovery stresses of these materials are seen to be significantly higher or comparable to other reported SMP foams. It is noteworthy that the number of cycles, strain rate, compressive strain and temperature can all have an effect on the compressive stresses measured for a foam sample. Hence while these results give an estimate of the expected stress range, their exact values could change with changes in the processing conditions.</div>
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<div class="sec" id="S23" style="clear: both;">
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<h4 class="inline" style="color: #59331f; display: inline; float: left; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 0.86666em !important; line-height: 1.6923; margin: 0px 0px -0.125em; padding-right: 0.3em;">
Effect of Storage Temperature on Shape Recovery</h4>
<div class="p p-first" id="P35" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
The stress response of H20 foam samples as they were held under compression over a 2 hour period at different temperatures, is shown in <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F8" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F8/" rid-figpopup="F8" rid-ob="ob-F8" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 8</a>. In the first step of <em><strong>loading</strong></em> to 80% compressive strain at <em>Tg</em>+30 °C, all four samples showed a similar increase in stress, as expected (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F8" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F8/" rid-figpopup="F8" rid-ob="ob-F8" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 8a</a>). In the second step of <em><strong>hold</strong></em>, the samples were taken to their respective test temperatures of <em>Tg</em>−30 °C, <em>Tg, Tg</em>+30 °C and <em>Tg</em>+60 °C, and an initial stress relaxation was seen (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F8" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F8/" rid-figpopup="F8" rid-ob="ob-F8" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 8b</a>). The extent of this relaxation was higher for samples held above <em>Tg</em> compared to the sample held at <em>Tg</em>. This is expected from the higher mobility of polymer chains at higher temperatures. The sample held at <em>Tg</em>−30 °C also showed a large drop in stress, which can be explained with the thermal contraction and storage of internal energy and entropy<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R20" id="__tag_259690641" rid="R20" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">20</a></span> in the glassy state of the polymer, akin to the<em><strong>fixing</strong></em> step of a shape memory cycle. Beyond the initial relaxation, the stresses were held largely constant throughout the hold of 2 hours at the test temperature (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F8" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F8/" rid-figpopup="F8" rid-ob="ob-F8" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 8b</a>). Finally in the third step of<em><strong>unloading</strong></em>, a decrease in stress was recorded as the strain was released at <em>Tg</em>+30 °C (<a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F8" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F8/" rid-figpopup="F8" rid-ob="ob-F8" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 8c</a>). An initial increase in stress was noticed for the sample stored at <em>Tg</em>−30 °C during strain recovery, possibly due to a lag in the heating of the sample even as the crosshead moved to release the strain. A net shape recovery of 94, 93, 96, and 98% was measured for H20 (Tg~50 °C) samples held at temperatures of<em>Tg</em>+60 °C, <em>Tg</em>+30 °C, <em>Tg</em>, and <em>Tg</em>−30 °C, respectively. For H60 (Tg~60 °C) samples these values were 95, 91, 98 and 96% respectively. % shape recovery after holding under 80% compressive strain for 2 hours at Tg+60 °C, for all the compositions, is reported in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 2</a>.</div>
<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F8" id="F8" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F8/" rid-figpopup="F8" rid-ob="ob-F8" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 8" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f8.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f8.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 8" /></a><br />
<div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="lgnd_F8" style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: top;">
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F8/" rid-figpopup="F8" rid-ob="ob-F8" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 8</a></div>
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Shape holding behavior of four H20 foam samples. Four samples named Tg−30, Tg, Tg+30 and Tg+60 are (a) deformed to a 80% compressive strain at <em>Tg</em>+30 °C (b) held at specific temperatures of<em>Tg</em>−30 °C, <em>Tg, Tg</em>+30 °C <strong>...</strong></div>
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<div id="P36" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
In contrast to the results above, physically crosslinked materials, such as polyether polyol based MF6020 (Tg~60 °C) foams<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a></span>, have been reported to show ~8–10% residual strain for hold at Tg+30 °C, and ~100% residual strain (0% shape recovery) for hold at <em>Tg</em>+60 °C for 2 hours at 80% compressive strain.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a></span> Generally, as the applied strain and storage temperature decreased, the extent of secondary-shape forming was seen to decrease for these physically crosslinked foams. Also, Di Prima et al. reported ~ 40% strain recovery after compression to 80% strain at 125 °C (~<em>Tg</em>+33 °C) in proprietary epoxy based foams.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R16" rid="R16" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">16</a></span> The foams based on a chemically crosslinked network reported here show significantly higher shape recovery in comparison.</div>
<div id="P37" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Assuming that the above materials are thermally stable at the tested temperatures, this can be explained from the effect of covalent crosslinks on polymer chain relaxation.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R18" rid="R18" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">18</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R20" id="__tag_259690648" rid="R20" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">20</a></span> The covalent crosslinks in this system can be considered permanent over the conditions and time scales investigated. While network chain segments can conformationally rearrange above <em>Tg</em>, their ends remain attached to the same network junction point. This constrains the equilibrium arrangement of crosslink points and thus the equilibrium shape of the material. In contrast, the physical crosslinks, such as in segmented polyurethanes, are labile. Here entropically driven polymer chains can move in and out of the physical crosslinks to achieve a more favorable, lower energy state.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R19" rid="R19" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">19</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R53" rid="R53" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">53</a></span> Since the rate of this conformational rearrangement of chains is dependent on their mobility, it would occur over increasingly long time scales as temperature is decreased below <em>Tg</em>, and at shorter time scales at temperatures above <em>Tg</em> where the mobility of the chains is high. As the polymer chains relax/re-arrange to an equilibrium conformation while the material is held in the secondary shape, the <em>memory</em> of the primary shape is erased, and a residual strain or phenomenon of secondary-shape forming is observed. Hence, the high shape recovery of the reported materials, after storage at <em>Tg</em>+60 °C for 2 hours, is consistent with their network structure comprising high density of covalent crosslinks.</div>
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However, if a chemical reaction occurs in the material at high temperatures, new bonds can form resulting in loss of shape memory of the polymer for both physically and chemically crosslinked materials. While SMPs are not meant to be stored at temperatures above their <em>Tg</em>, the improved shape holding of these materials at temperatures above Tg, compared to the other physically crosslinked foams, suggests an advantage of improved shelf life during storage in their secondary shape below Tg.</div>
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Maximum Volume Expansion</h4>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P39" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Volume expansion measured for the foam samples are reported in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T2/" rid-figpopup="T2" rid-ob="ob-T2" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 2</a>. 6 mm diameter cylindrical foam samples were radially compressed (2-D deformation) to an average minimum diameter of 0.68 mm. On recovery, close to the theoretical volume expansion of up to an average of 68 times was seen. This is an improvement of more than a factor of two compared to other reported shape memory polymer foams.<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R9" rid="R9" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">9</a>, <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R10" rid="R10" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">10</a></span> <a class="fig-table-link fig figpopup" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F9" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F9/" rid-figpopup="F9" rid-ob="ob-F9" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 9</a> demonstrates the change in the physical form of a foam sample as it expands in a fluid media from a fully compressed shape.</div>
<div class="fig iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" co-legend-rid="lgnd_F9" id="F9" style="clear: both; margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F9/" rid-figpopup="F9" rid-ob="ob-F9" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure"><img alt="Figure 9" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f9.gif" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/bin/nihms363391f9.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Figure 9" /></a><br />
<div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="lgnd_F9" style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: top;">
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/figure/F9/" rid-figpopup="F9" rid-ob="ob-F9" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="figure">Figure 9</a></div>
<div>
Demonstration of shape memory behavior of a foam. A 6 mm cylindrical sample of H60 foam was compressed in a mechanical crimper above its Tg and then allowed to cool down to fix the compressed shape. The compressed foam was taped to a rod (seen in the <strong>...</strong></div>
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Biocompatibility Study</h3>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P40" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
Results of the in-vitro biocompatibility study of these foams is reported in <a class="fig-table-link table figpopup" co-legend-rid="" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T3/" rid-figpopup="T3" rid-ob="ob-T3" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="true">Table 3</a>. Biocompatibility was analyzed based on the level of cytokine production from the cells cultured on the foam and control substrates. The positive controls (PHA- and LPS-stimulated cells) demonstrated significantly higher cell activation compared to the media alone (p<0.05). Activation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α for the foam was not significantly higher than that for the media alone (p>0.05 in all cases), though average values appear somewhat elevated for IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. Activation of IL-12, although significantly different compared to the media alone (p<0.05), was only marginally higher. Overall, the relatively low cell activation induced by the foam suggests promising biocompatibility. These in vitro results are supported by a recent publication that includes pilot 90-day implant results of a related foam formulation, in a vein pouch carotid aneurysm model (porcine).<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R54" rid="R54" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">54</a>]</span> The in vivo study showed low inflammation and good healing in two foam-treated aneurysms in a single animal.</div>
<div class="table-wrap iconblock ten_col whole_rhythm clearfix" id="T3" style="margin: 1.3846em 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 570.40625px; zoom: 1;">
<a class="table img_link icnblk_img figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T3/" rid-figpopup="T3" rid-ob="ob-T3" style="clear: both; color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none; width: 100px; zoom: 1 !important;" target="table"><img alt="Table 3" class="small-thumb" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T3/?report=thumb" src-large="/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T3/?report=previmg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(68, 68, 68); max-width: none; width: 100px;" title="Table 3" /></a><br />
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<a class="figpopup" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/table/T3/" rid-figpopup="T3" rid-ob="ob-T3" style="color: #642a8f; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block !important; zoom: 1 !important;" target="table">Table 3</a></div>
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Results from the biocompatibility study of the foam.</div>
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CONCLUSIONS</h2>
<ol class="enumerated" style="clear: both; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em inherit;">
<li>Novel polyurethane shape memory polymer foams were synthesized based on small molecular weight branched monomers to get a highly chemically crosslinked network structure with low molecular weight between crosslinks. Swelling and extraction studies showed a highly crosslinked structure with 96–99% of mass incorporated in the network. Furthermore, extensive hydrogen bonding was deduced from the FTIR results. The actuation temperature of the foams could be customized in the range of 45–70 °C by changing the composition of constituent monomers.</li>
<li>Very low densities (~0.015–0.021 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>) were achieved in these foams. They had a mixed, closed to open cell morphology, with thin residual cell membranes.</li>
<li>The materials showed high glassy storage modulus of 200–300 kPa even at such low densities. Excellent shape recovery of 97–98% was recorded for these materials post initial conditioning cycles, and up to a 70 times volume expansion was seen which is a significant improvement over other known SMP foams.</li>
<li>The drawback of secondary-shape forming above Tg seen in the traditional physically crosslinked foams was significantly reduced through a high density of covalent crosslinks in the structure. Shape recovery of 94% (for Tg~50 °C) and ~95% (for Tg~60 °C) was achieved for these foams in contrast to ~0% shape recovery of physically crosslinked foams (Tg~60 °C) under similar storage conditions (80% compressive strain at <em>Tg</em>+60 °C for 2 hours). Although conditions of higher temperatures, longer holding times and larger strains are not investigated in detail here, this result suggests an improved shelf life of these foams for storage in a compressed secondary shape below Tg.</li>
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<div class="p p-last" id="P45" style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
The polyurethane foams reported here are, to our knowledge, unprecedented in the aspect that they simultaneously show a very highly crosslinked polymeric structure and very low material densities down to 0.015 g cm<span style="font-size: 0.8461em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">−3</span>. These unique properties, in addition to the encouraging <em>in vitro</em> biocompatibility results, suggest that these foams are particularly promising as biomaterials for embolic devices in minimally invasive medical applications.</div>
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</h2>
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This work was partially performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Grant R01EB000462 and by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Grants 04-LW-054 and 04-ERD-093. The authors would like to thank Benjamin Ache and Arun Tatiparthi from Micro Photonics Inc. for micro-CT imaging and technical assistance.</div>
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Footnotes</h2>
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<span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span>Here the neat polymer density and modulus are taken from the corresponding formulations in Wilson et al.<span style="font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.6363em; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">[<a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" class="bibr popnode jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345164/#R21" rid="R21" role="button" style="color: #642a8f;">21</a>]</span> It is to be noted that the neat polymer density and modulus do not account for the effect of water in the foam composition which affects the chemical crosslink density of the material. However, the actual neat density and modulus may not be very different for the foam material due to strong hydrogen bonding of urea groups which compensates for the loss of chemical crosslinks.</div>
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Contributor Information</h2>
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<span class="fm-affl">Pooja Singhal, </span><span class="fm-affl">Biomedical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA.</span><span class="fm-affl"> Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA-94550, USA.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<span class="fm-affl">Jennifer N. Rodriguez, </span><span class="fm-affl">Biomedical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<span class="fm-affl">Ward Small, </span><span class="fm-affl">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA-94550 USA.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<span class="fm-affl">Scott Eagleston, </span><span class="fm-affl">Biomedical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<span class="fm-affl">Judy Van de Water, </span><span class="fm-affl">Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<span class="fm-affl">Duncan J. Maitland, </span><span class="fm-affl">Biomedical Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX-77843, USA.</span><span class="fm-affl"> Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em;">
<span class="fm-affl">Thomas S. Wilson, </span><span class="fm-affl">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.</span></div>
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REFERENCES AND NOTES</h2>
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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<h1 class="content-title" lang="en" style="background-color: white; display: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3846em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em;">
Ultra Low Density and Highly Crosslinked Biocompatible Shape Memory Polyurethane Foams</h1>
<h1 class="content-title" lang="en" style="background-color: white; display: none; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3846em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em;">
Ultra Low Density and Highly Crosslinked Biocompatible Shape Memory Polyurethane Foams</h1>
Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-28265849770863364302014-04-25T14:08:00.005-07:002014-04-26T18:53:30.729-07:00Shape Memory FoamsOther uses of Shape Memory Polymers can be found at:<br />
<a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/">http://www.activedisassembly.com</a><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="meta-date" style="background-color: white; color: #111111; display: block; font-family: Frutiger, 'Segoe UI', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 1.5em;"><span style="font-size: large;">Shape Memory Foams</span></span></h2>
<span class="meta-date" style="background-color: white; color: #111111; display: block; font-family: Frutiger, 'Segoe UI', Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-top: 1.5em;">April 24, 2012</span><br />
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<a class="maroonLinks" href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/2012/04/24/cover-story-features-maitlands-shape-polymer-foams/" rel="bookmark" style="background-color: inherit; color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Cover Story Features Maitland’s Shape Polymer Foams">Cover Story Features Maitland’s Shape Polymer Foams</a></h3>
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<a href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/files/2012/04/duncan_maitland.jpg" rel="wp-prettyPhoto[g6042]" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="duncan_maitland" class=" wp-image-6043" src="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/files/2012/04/duncan_maitland.jpg" height="222" style="border: none; float: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" title="duncan_maitland" width="174" /></a><br />
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Duncan Maitland</div>
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The May 2012 issue of <em>Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics </em>features Dr. Duncan Maitland’s shape memory polymer foams on the journal’s cover and publication of the article, “Ultra low density and highly crosslinked biocompatible shape memory polyurethane foams,” Singhal et al., May 2012. Maitland leads the <a href="http://biomeddevice.tamu.edu/" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><strong>Biomedical Device Laboratory</strong></a> in the department of biomedical engineering. Graduate students and research assistants Pooja Singhal and Jennifer N. Rodriguez were contributing authors.</div>
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The article details research on the development of highly chemically crosslinked, ultra low density polyurethane shape memory foams (SMPs) synthesized from symmetrical, low molecular weight and branched hydroxyl monomers. SMPs may be shaped into one form, changed into another shape and returned to the original shape on command, most commonly with heat or ultraviolet light (<em>Texas A&M Engineer</em>, 2010). These porous polymeric scaffolds constitute a fast emerging class of smart biomaterials with multiple potential applications, such as biomaterials for embolic devices in minimally invasive medical applications. A related article, “Opacification of Shape Memory Polymer Foam Designed for Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms,” Rodriguez et al., was also recently published in the <em>Annals of Biomedical Engineering.</em></div>
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To learn more about the feature story, <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.v50.10/issuetoc" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><strong>download the Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Volume 50, Issue 10, May 2012</strong></a>.</div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23084/pdf">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23084/pdf</a></div>
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Contact: <a href="mailto:djmaitland@tamu.edu" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Duncan Maitland</a>, Associate Professor, Biomedical Engineering at (979)458-3471</div>
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Tags: <a href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/biomaterials/" rel="tag" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">biomaterials</a>, <a href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/biomedical-device-laboratory/" rel="tag" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Biomedical Device Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/biomedical-engineering/" rel="tag" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">biomedical engineering</a>, <a href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/duncan-maitland/" rel="tag" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Duncan Maitland</a>,<a href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/journal-of-polymer-science-polymer-physics/" rel="tag" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics</a>, <a href="http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/shape-memory-polymer-foams/" rel="tag" style="color: #500000; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">shape memory polymer foams</a><br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-76489906497679390022014-04-24T08:27:00.000-07:002014-04-26T18:55:20.675-07:00Shape Memory Materials: Wide range of general Links 2012: to be updated<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A general posting of links associated with Shape Memory Materials. These will be categorized and detailed to describe improvements in the field. Most links are from 2012, but have had progress since.</span><br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span><br />
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><u></u><b>News</b><u></u></td><td align="right" style="margin: 0px;" width="70%"><b>2</b> new results for <b>"shape memory"</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://phys.org/news/2012-05-neutron-memory-shape-alloys-response-environmental.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA34vF_QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=OS1_RP11Wnc&usg=AFQjCNGcMqsJXxZeDVwnUos2tB5ziRBLIg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Neutron scattering charts moves of <b>memory</b>-<b>shape</b> alloys that change <b>...</b></a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Phys.Org</a><br />
(Phys.org) -- <b>Shape</b>-<b>memory</b> alloys (SMAs) are an engineer's dream, able to shape-shift spontaneously to accommodate changing operating conditions.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/blogs/qubits-and-pieces-10017876/protein-plus-graphene-equals-enzyme-detecting-paper-10026110/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA34vF_QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=OS1_RP11Wnc&usg=AFQjCNEsvbPHi7bNKjZpnSSTjfeR5r3M4w" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Protein plus graphene equals enzyme detecting paper</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">ZDNet UK</a><br />
(Interestingly, the material has <b>shape memory</b> and when it dries out will return to its original shape.) ETH professor Raffaele Mezzenga told Phys.org: "This <b>...</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><u></u><b>Web</b><u></u></td><td align="right" style="margin: 0px;" width="70%"><b>3</b> new results for <b>"shape memory"</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.materialsviews.com/tag/shape-memory-materials/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATACOABA34vF_QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OS1_RP11Wnc&usg=AFQjCNGcCTryWxPk5AE3uee6Eca9JRcLsg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><b>shape-memory</b> materials - MaterialsViews</a><br />
You are here: Home / Archives for <b>shape-memory</b> materials <b>...</b> Filed Under: Nano Tagged With: Advanced Materials, nanocomposites, <b>shape-memory</b> materials <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.materialsviews.com/tag/shape-memory-materials/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDACOABA34vF_QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OS1_RP11Wnc&usg=AFQjCNGcCTryWxPk5AE3uee6Eca9JRcLsg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.materialsviews.com/tag/shape-memory-materials/">www.materialsviews.com/tag/<wbr></wbr>shape-memory-materials/</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=https://www.smart-nets.eu/file/Attachments/wikis/SmartNets/smst-2013/SMST2013Call.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOAJA34vF_QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OS1_RP11Wnc&usg=AFQjCNEO9HnrZ5gpEFqwmmtypjnvorRZNQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">The International Conference on <b>Shape Memory</b> and Superelastic <b>...</b></a><br />
The International Conferenceon <b>Shape Memory</b> and. Superelastic <b>...</b> and findings in all areas of <b>Shape Memory</b> Alloy (SMA) engineering and application.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=https://www.smart-nets.eu/file/Attachments/wikis/SmartNets/smst-2013/SMST2013Call.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOAJA34vF_QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OS1_RP11Wnc&usg=AFQjCNEO9HnrZ5gpEFqwmmtypjnvorRZNQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="https://www.smart-nets.eu/file/Attachments/wikis/SmartNets/smst-2013/SMST2013Call.pdf">https://www.smart-nets.eu/<wbr></wbr>file/.../wikis/.../<wbr></wbr>SMST2013Call.pdf</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://optics.org/news/3/5/9&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA-ovC_QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=qRCfPQZdjMo&usg=AFQjCNF9bgvowQyH4iRTACeqdlexqDF6hQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">DSS 2012: Anti-dazzle protection for pilots</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Optics.org</a><br />
"The principle behind the anti-dazzle material was to produce a layer of <b>smart</b> <b>material</b>, which knows when to interfere," said KiloLambda's Ariela Donval in <b>...</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><b>News</b><u></u></td><td align="right" style="margin: 0px;" width="70%"><b>5</b> new results for <b>"shape memory"</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://engineering.tamu.edu/news/2012/04/27/biomedical-engineering-student-wins-first-place-during-student-research-week/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFAp6f7_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNHgbWPKDwZYEcMx6DNJ31pfpc_QMw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Biomedical engineering student wins first place during Student <b>...</b></a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Texas A&M University</a><br />
His presentation, “Thermomechanical Characterization of <b>Shape Memory</b> Polymer Neurovascular Stents,” won first place among oral presentations in the Medicine <b>...</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://optics.org/news/3/4/31&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANAp6f7_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNHKMG0Eh8FzsEzEQIQ0HaatAlEY-A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">LZH medical, industrial progress at Hanover Fair</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Optics.org</a><br />
To achieve this, the scientists use the special properties of nickel-titanium <b>shape memory</b> alloys (NiTi-SMA) in manufacturing the CI electrodes.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.industrial-lasers.com/articles/2012/04/laser-technology-can-improve-hearing.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARAp6f7_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNGfRRDoIlWtO-XxKefiqbGWwJoMfg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Laser technology can improve hearing</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Industrial Laser Solutions Magazine</a><br />
They manufacture the CI electrodes with nickel-titanium <b>shape memory</b> alloy (NiTi-SMA); when heat or electrical impulses are applied, the material <b>...</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><u></u><b>Web</b><u></u></td><td align="right" style="margin: 0px;" width="70%"><b>5</b> new results for <b>"shape memory"</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 6px 6px 0px; width: 126px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://k12videos.mit.edu/content/shape-memory-materials&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoAjAFOABAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNH0IYPk_ISFSlJK0YBDbA9_9T71qg" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="90" src="https://ci6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/bch3h-vnswZIBmESvgy3bBS7n2NsKaa1YvdLuRDTs5xFg6S4E318KcMEDOXkJP62EPunypQkoNF57YmDHE3xXdiZZ2cRuXdry3XvKCCXRQYfbJPY-CFXvrvaZLdGDbD0hCkP5v_zUAhLfcVeIMvsMBtwDJRSzw=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.youtube.com/vi/s62PL5vmfNw/default.jpg?h=90&w=120&sigh=__ML_XUeIUdUdk7wLciKVmHd7A_Rs=" width="120" /></a></td><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://k12videos.mit.edu/content/shape-memory-materials&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOABAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNH0IYPk_ISFSlJK0YBDbA9_9T71qg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><b>Shape Memory</b> Materials | MIT + K12</a><br />
What is the <b>shape memory</b> effect? Why do <b>shape memory</b> materials behave the way that they <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://k12videos.mit.edu/content/shape-memory-materials&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOABAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNH0IYPk_ISFSlJK0YBDbA9_9T71qg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://k12videos.mit.edu/content/shape-memory-materials">k12videos.mit.edu/content/<wbr></wbr>shape-memory-materials</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 6px 6px 0px; width: 126px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://today.lbl.gov/2012/04/25/crystallographic-boundary-in-a-magnetic-shape-memory-material/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoAjAGOAFAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNE1yE9A4QzsHvz42xplLm8TdUV3KA" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="90" src="https://ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/1YE_JZjCrnNjAGN3wMAKv1GuVI7ZVwtKhQIMOA3HhXOogHY21rfVz1VBtQcEf80BzqFfczQu1GT78x_4bYeqzDTCMBSVmnSc-iDnkRBlIHqIhYs6k6d3xRCSxAo4rJ_OGcsE6keYm3QbUYvlpgrcLsTK1-BjEg=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.youtube.com/vi/QT1bapJRs8M/default.jpg?h=90&w=120&sigh=__QeBRe8IXufMAihP0FmTWiFctPdA=" width="120" /></a></td><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://today.lbl.gov/2012/04/25/crystallographic-boundary-in-a-magnetic-shape-memory-material/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOAFAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNE1yE9A4QzsHvz42xplLm8TdUV3KA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Crystallographic Boundary in a Magnetic <b>Shape Memory</b> Material <b>...</b></a><br />
A research team — using the unique measurement facilities at the Advanced Light Source — has <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://today.lbl.gov/2012/04/25/crystallographic-boundary-in-a-magnetic-shape-memory-material/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOAFAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNE1yE9A4QzsHvz42xplLm8TdUV3KA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://today.lbl.gov/2012/04/25/crystallographic-boundary-in-a-magnetic-shape-memory-material/">today.lbl.gov/.../<wbr></wbr>crystallographic-boundary-in-<wbr></wbr>a-magnetic-sha...</a></td></tr>
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Sizes of FDY: 166.7dtex/98f, 105dtex/74f, 83.3dtex/37f, 55.6dtex/37fSizes of DTY: 166.7dtex/98f, 83.3dtex/74f, 83.3dtex.<br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.chinaexporter.com/seller/show.php%3Fitemid%3D22056&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAIOANAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNGT8jnqsFbXaf9zaFFsXdA8qq098A" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.chinaexporter.com/seller/show.php?itemid=22056">www.chinaexporter.com/seller/<wbr></wbr>show.php?itemid=22056</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/21/5/055009&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAJOARAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNEkfuFywZYz37pdMBo0wATBXKSQhg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Engineering design framework for a <b>shape memory</b> <b>...</b> - IOPscience</a><br />
A <b>shape memory</b> alloy (SMA) coil spring actuator is fabricated by annealing an SMA wire wound on a rod. Four design parameters are required for the winding: <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/21/5/055009&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAJOARAp6f7_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=4AZOX8nicAI&usg=AFQjCNEkfuFywZYz37pdMBo0wATBXKSQhg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/21/5/055009">iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/<wbr></wbr>21/5/055009</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><u></u><b>News</b><u></u></td><td align="right" style="margin: 0px;" width="70%"><b>1</b> new result for <b>"shape memory"</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx%3FAID%3D50680&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABAl6LW_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNFmrwavaUzFedpCFwcIz6qe1snLpQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Lasers Can Improve Hearing</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Photonics.com</a><br />
The researchers used nickel-titanium <b>shape memory</b> alloys (NiTi-SMA) in the manufacturing process for the implant electrodes. Heating the electrode enables <b>...</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><u></u><b>Web</b><u></u></td><td align="right" style="margin: 0px;" width="70%"><b>5</b> new results for <b>"shape memory"</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/SM/C2SM25292A&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATABOABAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNFLQ2EEXwsT8mg-4p8wiTbZV3hw1Q" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Mechanisms of multi-<b>shape memory</b> effects and associated energy <b>...</b></a><br />
<b>Shape memory</b> polymers have attracted increasing research interest due to their capability of fixing a temporary shape and associated deformation energy then <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/SM/C2SM25292A&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDABOABAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNFLQ2EEXwsT8mg-4p8wiTbZV3hw1Q" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/SM/C2SM25292A">pubs.rsc.org/en/content/<wbr></wbr>articlelanding/2012/.../<wbr></wbr>C2SM25292A</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.36849/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATACOAFAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNEFnlOEMe8X8_j7s_IG7JlceGox7g" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Synthesis and properties of magnetic sensitive <b>shape memory</b> <b>...</b></a><br />
How to Cite. Cai, Y., Jiang, J.-S., Zheng, B. and Xie, M.-R. (2012), Synthesis and properties of magnetic sensitive <b>shape memory</b> <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.36849/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDACOAFAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNEFnlOEMe8X8_j7s_IG7JlceGox7g" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.36849/abstract">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/app.36849/abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssb.201084217/full&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATADOAJAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNEzmTuxE1Qw5dM42DxKprkgcpgw9Q" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Mechanism of strain retention and <b>shape memory</b> in main chain liquid</a><br />
Since the mechanism for <b>shape memory</b> response in polymeric materials typically involves a crystallization/melting or glassy/rubbery transition or a combination <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssb.201084217/full&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDADOAJAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNEzmTuxE1Qw5dM42DxKprkgcpgw9Q" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssb.201084217/full">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/pssb.201084217/full</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.facebook.com/note.php%3Fnote_id%3D104654529670164&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOANAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNF6tIPWm98Klj4cmLepyosuasHYIQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Advances in Magnetic <b>Shape Memory</b> Materials (Materials Science <b>...</b></a><br />
595 Buy Textbooks wrote a note titled Advances in Magnetic <b>Shape Memory</b> Materials (Materials Science Forum) For Sale. Read the full text here.<br />
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/mime/graduate/docs/dissertations/Masters/2012/Finite%2520element%2520study%2520of%2520a%2520shape%2520memory%2520alloy%2520bone%2520implant.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOARAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNFl8KFRZdSNKeX5OMHMwx6QXAjGjQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">A Thesis entitled Finite element study of a <b>shape memory</b> alloy bone <b>...</b></a><br />
<b>Shape memory</b> alloys have been used in several biomedical devices in recent years. Their special <b>...</b>Biocompatibility of nitinol as a widely used <b>shape memory</b> <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/mime/graduate/docs/dissertations/Masters/2012/Finite%2520element%2520study%2520of%2520a%2520shape%2520memory%2520alloy%2520bone%2520implant.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOARAl6LW_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=fCIVKO1Goig&usg=AFQjCNFl8KFRZdSNKeX5OMHMwx6QXAjGjQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/mime/graduate/docs/dissertations/Masters/2012/Finite%20element%20study%20of%20a%20shape%20memory%20alloy%20bone%20implant.pdf">www.eng.utoledo.edu/.../<wbr></wbr>Finite%20element%20study%20of%<wbr></wbr>...</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-04/video-octopus-project-demonstrates-octobot-locomotion-using-shape-memory-alloy-tentacles&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABAjK2x_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNHxIGUpLE5cKLK2o1UF7by3sGG-WA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Video: This Octobot Walks Using <b>Shape</b>-<b>Memory</b> Alloy Tentacles</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Popular Science</a><br />
The team's newest approach, an eight-tentacled 'bot with a mix of <b>shape</b>-<b>memory</b> alloy and more traditional servo-cable manipulated appendages, <b>...</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Jellyfish-to-the-rescue/articleshow/12683686.cms&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFAjK2x_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNG2E5PolGpimGk0wGhx_A6q3cEn0g" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Jellyfish to the rescue</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Times of India</a><br />
When heat is applied to '<b>Shape memory</b> alloys' (which serve as the tentacles) the muscles contract creating cyclic motion. The hydrogen supplied from the <b>...</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://optics.org/press/1381&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJAjK2x_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNF8i3GfExuyFYlsr84LyXRFng_PUg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Femtosecond laser conquers the medical technology sector</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">Optics.org</a><br />
“Stents result, for example, from a heat-sensitive nickel-titanium alloy with <b>shape memory</b>. Conventional laser processing often has a negative impact on <b>...</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.futureoftech.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/robot-octopus-hints-softer-mechanical-future-699193&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANAjK2x_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNFeNHrT4qW27HjaChY_raDVWNhU-A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Robot octopus hints at a softer mechanical future</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">msnbc.com</a><br />
It's clear from the video that two of the tentacles are outfitted with <b>shape</b> <b>memory</b> alloy. That means they move when heated.</td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px;" valign="top" width="80"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.futureoftech.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/robot-octopus-hints-softer-mechanical-future-699193&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjADOANAjK2x_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNFeNHrT4qW27HjaChY_raDVWNhU-A" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><img alt="" border="0" height="61" src="https://ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/OlE3M2tDfSUZO4E2On2VWUI5FoyCKmVqBFoeOSXwgAtCGyhy3lKqPqxtcqxGDYxoUYJNTIHfdZO9Co15AABgOC2h=s0-d-e1-ft#http://news.google.com/news/tbn/cZ3XHv_OQvAJ" width="80" /></a><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.futureoftech.msnbc.msn.com/technology/technolog/robot-octopus-hints-softer-mechanical-future-699193&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAzADOANAjK2x_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNFeNHrT4qW27HjaChY_raDVWNhU-A" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">msnbc.com</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2012/May/Pages/UnderwaterVehiclesTakeonJellyfishForm.aspx&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARAjK2x_ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNELdmbPRmiO7Oo2aH514hut4748Zw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Underwater Vehicles Take on Jellyfish Form</a><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #777777;">National Defense Magazine</a><br />
The robot consists of commercial <b>shape memory</b> alloys, which are metals that remember and return to their original shapes. They are used to replicate <b>...</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;"><u></u><b>Web</b><u></u></td><td align="right" style="margin: 0px;" width="70%"><b>4</b> new results for <b>"shape memory"</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/%3Fvgnextoid%3D963151bc67c96310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOABAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNH7JP12ATgELMsuksyBl3jMLgThMQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><b>Shape-memory</b> alloy microcrystals studied to develop fatigue <b>...</b></a><br />
Researchers at the Ohio State University are studying the mechanical response of micron-scale, single crystal pillars of nickel-titanium to better understand the <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/%3Fvgnextoid%3D963151bc67c96310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOABAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNH7JP12ATgELMsuksyBl3jMLgThMQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/?vgnextoid=963151bc67c96310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD">www.asminternational.org/<wbr></wbr>portal/site/www/NewsItem/?...</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6606&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOAFAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNFbPqCauBVGoSDi6WQST-FiY4f62A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">UWSpace: Thermomechanical response of laser processed nickel <b>...</b></a><br />
Authors: Daly, Matthew. Keywords: nickel-titanium <b>shape memory</b> alloys laser processing thermomechanical properties <b>shape memory</b> effect pseudoelasticity <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6606&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOAFAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNFbPqCauBVGoSDi6WQST-FiY4f62A" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/6606">uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/<wbr></wbr>10012/6606</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.134421&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAHOAJAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNGfh9_lUyThM_ijV7JnSFaOqVZ6DA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Phys. Rev. B 85, 134421 (2012): Phase diagram of the <b>...</b></a><br />
Phase diagram of the ferromagnetic <b>shape memory</b> alloys Ni2MnGa1−xCox. Abstract. References. No Citing Articles. Download: PDF (959 kB) Buy this article <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.134421&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAHOAJAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNGfh9_lUyThM_ijV7JnSFaOqVZ6DA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.134421">link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/<wbr></wbr>PhysRevB.85.134421</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.memoryfoammattressdirect.co.uk/articles/memory-foam/what-to-look-for-in-a-good-quality-memory-foam-mattress.htm&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAIOANAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNG--DNQw0yS7C8nUTAVfCQ3IjBvKQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">What to Look For In a Good Quality Memory Foam Mattress <b>...</b></a><br />
When the item is removed, the memory foam springs back to its original <b>shape.</b> <b>Memory</b> foam is rated by weight, or density of pounds per square foot; Indentation <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.memoryfoammattressdirect.co.uk/articles/memory-foam/what-to-look-for-in-a-good-quality-memory-foam-mattress.htm&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAIOANAjK2x_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=JD0uKBvgies&usg=AFQjCNG--DNQw0yS7C8nUTAVfCQ3IjBvKQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.memoryfoammattressdirect.co.uk/articles/memory-foam/what-to-look-for-in-a-good-quality-memory-foam-mattress.htm">www.memoryfoammattressdirect.<wbr></wbr>co.uk/.../what-to-look-for-in.<wbr></wbr>..</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.comsol.se/community/forums/general/thread/27625/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATACOABA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNEsuk9POtbtbddCVZlOGwh2Rnge1g" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Re <b>Shape memory</b> alloys - Comsol.se</a><br />I poseted a few days ago regarding a material model for nitinol. I was wondering if anyone knows whether COMSOL has <b>shape memory</b> alloys, or superelastic <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.comsol.se/community/forums/general/thread/27625/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDACOABA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNEsuk9POtbtbddCVZlOGwh2Rnge1g" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.comsol.se/community/forums/general/thread/27625/">www.comsol.se/community/<wbr></wbr>forums/general/thread/27625/</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/SM/C2SM07357A&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATADOAFA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNE3wSwwLTbWlv_j_t6mFldejvZt_A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">A spatially and temporally controlled <b>shape memory</b> process for <b>...</b></a><br />Crosslinked P(MMA-BA)–CNTs <b>shape memory</b> composites prepared by ultrasound assisted in situ polymerization, have both relatively high electrical <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/SM/C2SM07357A&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDADOAFA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNE3wSwwLTbWlv_j_t6mFldejvZt_A" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/SM/C2SM07357A">pubs.rsc.org/en/content/<wbr></wbr>articlelanding/2012/.../<wbr></wbr>C2SM07357A</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/%3Fvgnextoid%3D0b41170ef5a76310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOAJA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNEhsA2SJaKSd7DsX1uidJwqKgboLA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Norman Noble offers shape setting of Nitinol for <b>shape-memory</b> and <b>...</b></a><br />Norman Noble, Cleveland, Ohio, says that it provides the only complete, single- source contract manufacturing of nickel-titanium products, including shape <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/%3Fvgnextoid%3D0b41170ef5a76310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOAJA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNEhsA2SJaKSd7DsX1uidJwqKgboLA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/?vgnextoid=0b41170ef5a76310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD">www.asminternational.org/<wbr></wbr>portal/site/www/NewsItem/?...</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 6px 6px 0px; width: 126px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3Db2jTrBT1RJo&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoAjAFOANA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNEdrM1__a5RxnBcydD_Fs-SBl1Q3g" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" border="0" height="90" src="https://ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/d5OjVHbDCWakYlSj2bguHZS2pCy3x-3-NUHid1jmvinl9sv_JMebndY9u_X2yWnTEDT_L0aj5LNyyiIKM4DagJ-hMfuiQwA=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.youtube.com/vi/b2jTrBT1RJo/default.jpg" width="120" /></span></a></td><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3Db2jTrBT1RJo&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOANA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNEdrM1__a5RxnBcydD_Fs-SBl1Q3g" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><b>Shape memory</b> effect in silicone/wax/melting glue hybrid - YouTube</a><br /><b>Shape memory</b> effect in silicone/wax/melting glue hybrid <b>...</b> Artificial Sky (<b>shape</b><b>memory</b> <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3Db2jTrBT1RJo&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOANA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNEdrM1__a5RxnBcydD_Fs-SBl1Q3g" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2jTrBT1RJo">www.youtube.com/watch?v=<wbr></wbr>b2jTrBT1RJo</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23079/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOARA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNFBlKMknTLY_I365cTbO1-KmlALpA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Light to work transduction and <b>shape memory</b> in glassy <b>...</b></a><br />Author Information. Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, 3005 Hobson Way Ste. 1, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23079/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOARA-sKM_ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=OsK2iuaKPiM&usg=AFQjCNFBlKMknTLY_I365cTbO1-KmlALpA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23079/abstract">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/polb.23079/abstract</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.webpronews.com/robotic-jellyfish-swims-with-smart-material-bell-2012-04</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: inherit;">Robotic Jellyfish Swims With ‘Smart Material’ Bell</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The robot runs on hydrogen, and, in water, theoretically forever</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #666666;"><a href="http://www.webpronews.com/robotic-jellyfish-swims-with-smart-material-bell-2012-04">http://www.webpronews.com/robotic-jellyfish-swims-with-smart-material-bell-2012-04</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; letter-spacing: 0.8799999952316284px; line-height: 44px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3-D Printing Is So Last Year: MIT's "Self-Assembling Sand" Builds Objects Instantly</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.fastcodesign.com/1669426/mit-developing-self-assembling-sand-that-builds-objects-instantly">http://www.fastcodesign.com/1669426/mit-developing-self-assembling-sand-that-builds-objects-instantly</a></span><br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-80836926018791995632014-04-16T20:49:00.002-07:002014-04-26T18:55:51.315-07:004D Printing Magazine, sample using shape memory materialsHere is an update on 4D Printing.<br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span><br />
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From <a href="http://vimeo.com/59918368#t=04" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">vimeo<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4008650857/2013/10/03/self-assembly-lab-mit" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 3, 2013 8:16 AM</a></div>
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The Self-Assembly Lab at MIT is a cross-disciplinary research lab composed of designers, scientists and engineers inventing self-assembly technologies aimed at reimagining the processes of construction ,manufacturing and infrastructure in the built environment.</div>
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From <a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/innovation-by-zebramusik/p/4015561186/2014/02/07/a-brief-introduction-to-4d-printing" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.scoop<wbr></wbr>.it </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4015618011/2014/02/09/a-brief-introduction-to-4d-printing-innovation" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">February 9, 1:57 AM</a></div>
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A brief introduction to 4D printing on Innovation curated by Christian Bartosik (A brief introduction to 4D printing | @scoopit<a href="http://t.co/sdWMl4RONJ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://t.co/sdWMl4RONJ</a>)...</blockquote>
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From <a href="http://gigaom.com/2013/12/03/4d-printed-shape-changing-dress-and-jewelery-by-nervous-system/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">gigaom<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4012623268/2013/12/13/4d-printed-shape-changing-dress-and-jewelery-by-nervous-system" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">December 13, 2013 4:36 AM</a></div>
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The objects that come out of design firm Nervous System’s 3D printers may look like a crumpled ball at first, but when you unravel them they transform into dresses, jewelry and other flexible, wearable items. Geometric designs integrated into the items can make them rigid or soft.</div>
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<a href="http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/03/kinematics-4d-printed-shape-changing-jewellery-by-nervous-system/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/03/kinematics-4d-printed-shape-changing-jewellery-by-nervous-system/</a></div>
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Video :<a href="http://gigaom.com/2013/12/03/4d-printed-shape-changing-dress-and-jewelery-by-nervous-system/" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;"></a></div>
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<a href="http://gigaom.com/2013/12/03/4d-printed-shape-changing-dress-and-jewelery-by-nervous-system/" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://gigaom.com/2013/12/03/4d-printed-shape-changing-dress-and-jewelery-by-nervous-system/</a></div>
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From <a href="http://gizmodo.com/this-is-why-4d-printing-is-cool-1473482371" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">gizmodo<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4011907625/2013/11/30/this-is-why-4d-printing-is-cool" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 30, 2013 7:03 AM</a></div>
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The U.S. Army Research Office has just thrown some money the way of 4D printing—but what, exactly, is all the fuss about? This beautiful video goes a long way to showing us why the technology is so exciting.</blockquote>
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<tr><td class="post-from-avatar" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px; width: 48px;"><a class="" href="http://www.scoop.it/u/annie-theunissen" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; text-decoration: none;"><img class="avatar" src="http://img.scoop.it/rvEkoxEuVTBEEApc2N0SfOy7_ZqweuUDvdarVjaIR5c=" style="border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border: 0px; display: block; height: 48px; vertical-align: middle; width: 48px;" /></a></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rescooped by <a class="" href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/u/annie-theunissen" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Annie Theunissen</a> from <a href="http://www.scoop.it/t/arch-stanton-s-intro-to-economics-textbook" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">INTRODUCTION TO THE SOCIAL SCIENCES DIGITAL TEXTBOOK(PSYCHOLOGY-ECONOMICS-SOCIOLOGY):MIKE BUSARELLO</a></td></tr>
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<a class=" title tCustomization tCustomization_post_title" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/new_scientist/2013/11/_4_d_printing_at_the_mit_self_assembly_lab_the_future_will_build_itself.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">What Is 4-D Printing?</a></h2>
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From <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/new_scientist/2013/11/_4_d_printing_at_the_mit_self_assembly_lab_the_future_will_build_itself.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.slate<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4011607440/2013/11/25/what-is-4-d-printing" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 25, 2013 7:45 AM</a></div>
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In the next industrial revolution, will we manufacture goods, or will they construct themselves? architect and computer scientist Skylar Tibbits talks about 4-D printing, programmable matter, and the future of things.</blockquote>
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Via <a class="curatedby" href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/u/arch-stanton" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Mike Busarello's Digital Textbooks</a></div>
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From <a href="http://www.newsfix.ca/2013/11/16/entering-new-dimension-4-d-printing/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.newsfix<wbr></wbr>.ca </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4011191815/2013/11/18/entering-a-new-dimension-4-d-printing-toronto-newsfix" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 18, 2013 7:07 AM</a></div>
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Entering a new dimension: 4-D printing<br />
Toronto NewsFIX</div>
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Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is the process of creating a 3D object based upon a digital model by depositing successive layers of material.</div>
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From <a href="http://www.gizmag.com/4d-printing-composite-material/29536/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.gizmag<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010813495/2013/11/11/scientists-take-4d-printing-a-step-further-gizmag" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 11, 2013 1:37 PM</a></div>
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Using a 3D printer, people can already determine the length, width and depth of an object that they create. Now, however, a fourth dimension can now be included.</div>
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Via <a class="curatedby" href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/u/harish-rajpal-2" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Harish Rajpal</a></div>
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From <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-4-d-printing-manufacturing&WT.mc_id=SA_sharetool_Twitter" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.scientificamerica<wbr></wbr>n<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010449101/2013/11/05/what-is-4-d-printing-video-scientific-american" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 5, 2013 12:40 AM</a></div>
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An M.I.T. lab is tweaking the idea of 3-D printing with the help of smart materials that continue to change even after they leave the printer (What Is 4-D Printing?</blockquote>
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From <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/personal-tech/computing/New-4D-printing-technique-to-enable-shape-changing-objects/articleshow/24814102.cms" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">timesofindia<wbr></wbr>.indiatimes<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010177477/2013/10/30/new-4d-printing-technique-to-enable-shape-changing-objects-times-of-india" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 30, 2013 12:47 PM</a></div>
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New 4D printing technique to enable shape-changing objects Times of India The team led by H Jerry Qi, associate professor of mechanical engineering at CU-Boulder, and his collaborator Martin L Dunn of the Singapore University of Technology and...</blockquote>
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From <a href="http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/TEITKdu6NEqfJMEG0iT9RK/What-3D-Even-the-US-army-is-funding-4D-printing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.livemint<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010050221/2013/10/28/what-3d-even-the-us-army-is-funding-4d-printing" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 28, 2013 2:37 PM</a></div>
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The question is why would the US Army invest this amount (not a very big grant, anyway) in 4D printing</blockquote>
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Tibbits and his team combined a strand of plastic with a layer made out of 'smart' material that could self-assemble in water.</blockquote>
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Scientists take "4D printing" a step further<br />
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H. Jerry Qi, have developed a "4D printing" process in which shape-memory polymer fibers are deposited in key areas of a composite material item as it's being printed.</div>
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From <a href="http://www.pddnet.com/news/2013/10/4d-printing-technology-composite-materials" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.pddnet<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4009797259/2013/10/24/4d-printing-technology-for-composite-materials" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 24, 2013 2:08 AM</a></div>
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4D Printing Technology for Composite Materials<br />
Product Design & Development</div>
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A team led by H. Jerry Qi, associate professor of mechanical engineering at CU-Boulder, and his collaborator Martin L.</div>
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From <a href="http://www.good.is/posts/4d-printing-is-a-thing-now" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.good<wbr></wbr>.is </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4015617127/2014/02/09/4d-printing-is-a-thing-now-3d-printing-on-good" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">February 9, 1:59 AM</a></div>
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Just when I had started to wrap my head around the concept of 3D printing, 4D printing has emerged.</div>
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From <a href="http://video.cnbc.com/gallery/?video=3000237351" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">video<wbr></wbr>.cnbc<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4014518866/2014/01/21/the-concept-of-4d-printing" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">January 20, 7:36 PM</a></div>
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Live from the EMtech conference in Singapore, Skylar Tibbits, Director at Self Assembly Lab, MIT, discusses how he plans to make print objects smarter with 4D printing.</div>
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The U.S. Army Research Office has just thrown some money the way of 4D printing—but what, exactly, is all the fuss about? This beautiful video goes a long way to showing us why the technology is so exciting.</blockquote>
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The U.S. Army Research Office has just thrown some money the way of 4D printing—but what, exactly, is all the fuss about? This beautiful video goes a long way to showing us why the technology is so exciting.</blockquote>
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From <a href="http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=269747&f_src=designnews_gnews" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.designnews<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4011556059/2013/11/24/4d-printing-self-assembled-shapes-using-shape-memory-plastics" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 24, 2013 7:39 AM</a></div>
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4D Printing Self-Assembled Shapes Using Shape Memory Plastics</div>
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Last spring we told you about MIT's Skylar Tibbits, whose TED talk made the idea of 4D printing famous.</div>
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From <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAmwaNwu5XM&feature=youtu.be" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.youtube<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010814189/2013/11/11/printing-solar-panels-in-the-backyard" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 11, 2013 1:37 PM</a></div>
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Imagine what you might do if you could print your own solar panels. That's kind of the dream behind Shawn Frayne and Alex Hornstein's Solar Pocket Factory -- although they see it more as the "microbrewery" of panel production rather than a tool for everyone's garage. With over $70,000 of backing from a successful Kickstarter campaign, the inventors are now working on refining the prototype. If all goes well, by April they'll have a machine that can spit out a micro solar panel every few seconds. In the meantime, Frayne stopped by Flora Lichtman's backyard with a few pieces of the prototype to explain how the mini-factory will work.</div>
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Via <a class="curatedby" href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/u/jean-lievens" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">jean lievens</a>, <a class="curatedby" href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/u/harish-rajpal-2" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">Harish Rajpal</a></div>
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From <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22029420.400-4d-printing-will-mean-the-future-makes-itself.html?cmpid=RSS|NSNS|2012-GLOBAL|magcontents" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.newscientist<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010778210/2013/11/11/sign-in-to-read-4d-printing-will-mean-the-future-makes-itself-opinion-13-november-2013-new-scientist" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">November 11, 2013 1:42 AM</a></div>
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<i>In the next industrial revolution, will we manufacture goods, or will they construct themselves? <b>Michael Reilly</b> sits down with architect and computer scientist <b>Skylar Tibbits</b> to talk about 4D printing, programmable matter and the future of things</i></div>
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<b>You run the Self-Assembly lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. What does "self-assembly" mean?</b></div>
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In general, self-assembly is a process by which disordered parts build into an ordered structure through simple interactions with each other. For example, we worked with Arthur Olson at the Scripps Research Institute to build a model of the polio virus. If you put the pieces of the model in a glass container, they just sit there.</div>
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But when you impart some energy – shake the glass – they come together. Shake harder, and it comes apart again. You have these different states based on how much energy you put into the system; you don't control where every piece ...</div>
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Soundview Technology Group Predicts A Potential Price Target For GTMM Of .50 - $1.50 Read The Full Report Here <a href="http://t.co/YVhMgg5Zkn" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://t.co/YVhMgg5Zkn</a></blockquote>
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4D Printing Profit Potential Makes Me Drool<br />
The Market Oracle</div>
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In the large-scale and manufacturing space, I like Stratasys Ltd. (Nasdaq: SSYS).</div>
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<a class=" title tCustomization tCustomization_post_title" href="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1380213541/radcam-sport-gopro-3-and-3-handheld-robotic-stabil?ref=live" rel="nofollow" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">RadCam Sport - GoPro 3 & 3+ Handheld Robotic Stabilizer</a></h2>
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From <a href="http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1380213541/radcam-sport-gopro-3-and-3-handheld-robotic-stabil?ref=live" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.kickstarter<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010048969/2013/10/28/radcam-sport-gopro-3-3-handheld-robotic-stabilizer" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 28, 2013 2:21 PM</a></div>
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The RadCam 2-axis handheld robotic stabilization system powered by 2 brushless motors, designed specifically for the GoPro Hero 3 & 3+</blockquote>
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Via <a class="curatedby" href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/u/airwolf3d1" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">airwolf3d</a></div>
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From <a href="http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-4-d-printing-technology-for-composite-materials-now-a-reality-1907528" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.dnaindia<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010026170/2013/10/28/4-d-printing-technology-for-composite-materials-now-a-reality-sci-tech-dna" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 28, 2013 7:19 AM</a></div>
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The researchers advanced this concept by creating composite materials that can morph into several different, complicated shapes based on a different physical mechanism.</div>
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From <a href="http://www.tweaktown.com/news/33597/us-army-invests-into-4d-printing-wants-to-make-self-altering-camo/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.tweaktown<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4010026162/2013/10/28/us-army-invests-into-4d-printing-wants-to-make-self-altering-camo-tweaktown" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 28, 2013 7:18 AM</a></div>
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US Army invests into 4D printing, wants to make self-altering camo TweakTown The US Army Resarch Office has coughed up $855,000 to researchers at three different universities: Harvard's School of Engineering & Applied Science,</div>
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<a class=" title tCustomization tCustomization_post_title" href="http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_24362829/university-colorado-boulder-researchers-shape-shift-3d-printing-4d" rel="nofollow" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">University of Colorado researchers shapeshift 3D printing into 4D - Denver Post</a></h2>
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From <a href="http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_24362829/university-colorado-boulder-researchers-shape-shift-3d-printing-4d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www<wbr></wbr>.denverpost<wbr></wbr>.com </a>- <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/p/4009797245/2013/10/24/university-of-colorado-researchers-shapeshift-3d-printing-into-4d-denver-post" style="color: #e56814; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">October 24, 2013 2:07 AM</a></div>
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University of Colorado researchers shapeshift 3D printing into 4D<br />
Denver Post</div>
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One application that Qi envisions is using 3-D printers for building solar panels to power space satellites.</div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-17694933622257341662014-04-06T22:23:00.001-07:002014-04-26T18:56:13.533-07:004D Printing using Shape Memory Materials - 2013-2014 Articles to date<br />
4D: There has been so much on this topic lately. Here are a few in a group of a few first 4D printing research projects, using shape memory materials. There are many more, but all originate from these below. There are essentially 2 sources, the original ones to label "4D", MIT and 10 months later, University of Colorado.<br />
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Get the latest 4D Printing from <a href="http://www.4dprintingmagazine.com/" target="_blank">4D Printing Magazine</a>.<br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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The following's original post can be found <a href="http://www.dvice.com/2013-2-28/mits-4d-printing-tech-makes-objects-assemble-themselves" target="_blank">he<span id="goog_1153305759"></span><span id="goog_1153305760"></span>re in 'DVICE'</a>:<br />
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MIT's 4D printing tech makes objects assemble themselves</h1>
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<a href="http://www.dvice.com/author/evan-ackerman" style="color: #414548; display: inline-block; text-decoration: none;">Evan Ackerman</a></div>
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Thursday, February 28, 2013 - 3:04pm</div>
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Credit: <span class="media-info-credit" style="display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap;">MIT</span></div>
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2D printing makes things that are flat. 3D printing makes things that have volume. Add in the fourth D, time, and you make things that move. We're not talking about things that can be <em>be</em> moved, but rather, objects that come printed with the capacity to move all by themselves.</div>
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MIT’s Self-Assembly Lab has been working on ways to print things in 3D that can change their shape after they've been printed. Routinely <span style="line-height: 1.538em;">printing something as complex as a motor or an actuator is still a ways off, but by mixing different kinds of smart materials, it's possible to get stuff to move on its own, albeit very slowly and (so far) in just one direction.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.538em;">The process is actually not that complicated, and the smart materials aren't even all that smart: all it takes is a material that acts like a sponge that can be layered inside of a joint during the 3D printing process. When the joint is submerged in water, the sponge material expands and the joint bends. Put a bunch of joints together, and you can get a fairly complex self-assembling object, like this cube:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #565a5c; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Nimbus Sans L, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.285714149475098px; line-height: 21.531999588012695px;">(in the following locations)</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU3f6oBfABs" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4D Printing</span>: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Cube Self-Folding Strand</span> - YouTube</a></h3>
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width="116" /></span><span class="vdur _Hm _wA" style="bottom: 0px; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; opacity: 0.7; padding: 1px 3px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: right;">► 0:40</span><span class="vdur _Hm _cu" style="bottom: 0px; color: white; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; padding: 1px 3px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: right;">► 0:40</span></a></div>
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<cite class="_Vc" style="color: #006621; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal;">www.youtube.com/watch?v=QU3f6oBfABs</cite></div>
<div class="f slp" style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039);">
Mar 2, 2013 - Uploaded by dailyalternativenews</div>
<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4D Printing</span>: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Cube Self-Folding Strand</span> Video http://www.dailyalternative.co.uk/4d-<wbr></wbr>printed-objects-make ...</span></div>
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<h3 class="r" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">
<a href="http://vimeo.com/58840897" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4D Printing</span>: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Cube Self-Folding Strand</span> on Vimeo</a></h3>
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Feb 3, 2013</div>
<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">In a collaboration between Stratasys' Education, R&D departments and MIT's <span style="font-weight: bold;">Self</span><wbr></wbr>-Assembly Lab, a new ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://video.mit.edu/watch/4d-printing-mit-self-folding-strand-13803/" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">4D Printing</span>: <span style="font-weight: bold;">Self</span>-<span style="font-weight: bold;">Folding Strand</span> | MIT Video</a></h3>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">A collaboration between Stratasys & The <span style="font-weight: bold;">Self</span>-Assembly Lab at MIT, which</span></div>
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<span style="color: #565a5c; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.7em;">In this case, water is acting as the energy source that activates the printed smart material, but different materials can use light, heat, vibrations or even sounds. Imagine one day going to IKEA and buying a table made out of this stuff that you can hose down in your front yard to get it to self-assemble. Or, with some sound activated smart material, all you'll have to do is scream at it loud enough and it'll put itself together. Since most of us do this with our IKEA furniture</span><span style="color: #565a5c; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.7em;"> </span><em style="color: #565a5c; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.7em;">anyway</em><span style="color: #565a5c; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, 'Nimbus Sans L', sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.7em;">, it seems as though adding in the smart self-assembly bit is the logical and obvious next step.</span><br />
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The following's original post can be found <a href="http://news.softpedia.com/news/4D-Printing-For-Real-Life-Shapeshifting-Armors-and-Smart-Clothes-Video-387734.shtml" target="_blank">he<span id="goog_1153305759"></span><span id="goog_1153305760"></span>re in 'Softpedia'</a>:</div>
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4D Printing: For Real-Life Shapeshifting Armors and Smart Clothes – Video</h1>
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<span id="intelliTxt"><strong>We live in a three-dimensional world, so one might wonder what on earth brainiacs could possibly mean by a fourth dimension. As it happens, there is one, and they're about to make use of it.</strong></span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">In the realm of machines subject to computer numerical control (CNC Milling/Machining), the fourth dimension, or fourth axis, is the rotation of either the tool or the part around the other.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">Normally, it's not all that important from what angle the material is deposited during 3D printing or other manufacturing techniques.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">In the end, the fourth dimension is a degree of freedom to move in space, not a new way to do it linearly.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">In layman terms, that means that, in certain situations, materials can gain the ability to change shape or other physical characteristics.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">So the United States Army Research Office has begun to look into ways of harnessing the fourth dimension, starting off with an investment of $855,000 / €632,000.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">Three scientists have been chosen, from Harvard, the University of Pittsburgh, and The University of Illinois.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">Their task? Invent 4D printing, where the finished products have the ability to change in order to adapt to the environment or user requirements.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">Obviously, since this is a military project, the ultimate goal is to design shapeshifting or at least adaptive armors and clothing, preferably with built-in technological means of communication or survival.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">The ability to alter permeability, color and hardness would mean that there would be no need to change outfits when shifting focus from cooling to structural protection or camouflage.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">This will be done by embedding smart materials that can respond to charge, light, temperature, etc. The base matrix holding everything together would be a hydrogel, also of smart material. The change is intended to be automatic, instead of having it listen to commands, but it might take a while to achieve that much.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">It will take ages, actually, to go even from nanoscopic to microscopic proof-of-concept.</span><br />
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<span id="intelliTxt">The other ideas for what 4D printing should be are along the lines of printing parts that then move within themselves (like a developing embryo) or move like a robot. Chances are that microdroplet printing will be used to combine the benefits of all these techniques.</span><br />
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The videos related to this piece can be found here:<br />
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3D <b>printing </b>has grown in sophistication since <b>the </b>late 1970s; TED Fellow <b>Skylar</b> <b>Tibbits</b> is shaping <b>the </b>next <b>development</b>, which he calls<b>4D printing</b>, where ...</div>
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<span class="url" style="color: #1e7d83; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/skylar_tibbits_the_emergence_of_4d_printing">www.ted.com/talks/<b>skylar_tibbits_the_<wbr></wbr>emergence_of_4d_printing</b></a></span><br />
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<b>Skylar</b> <b>Tibbits</b>, a TED Fellow, is an artist and computational architect working on "smart" components that can assemble themselves. Full bio</div>
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The following's original post can be found <a href="http://www.pddnet.com/news/2013/10/4d-printing-technology-composite-materials" target="_blank">he<span id="goog_1153305759"></span><span id="goog_1153305760"></span>re in 'Product Design and Development'</a>:<br />
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4D Printing Technology for Composite Materials</h1>
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Tue, 10/22/2013 - 1:48pm</div>
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Jerry Qi, University of Colorado at Boulder</div>
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Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder have successfully added a fourth dimension to their printing technology, opening up exciting possibilities for the creation and use of adaptive, composite materials in manufacturing, packaging, and biomedical applications.</div>
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A team led by H. Jerry Qi, associate professor of mechanical engineering at CU-Boulder, and his collaborator Martin L. Dunn of the Singapore University of Technology and Design has developed and tested a method for 4D printing. The researchers incorporated "shape memory" polymer fibers into the composite materials used in traditional 3D printing, which results in the production of an object fixed in one shape that can later be changed to take on a new shape.</div>
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"In this work, the initial configuration is created by 3D printing, and then the programmed action of the shape memory fibers creates time dependence of the configuration – the 4D aspect," said Dunn, a former CU-Boulder mechanical engineering faculty member who has studied the mechanics and physics of composite materials for more two decades.</div>
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The 4D printing concept, which allows materials to "self-assemble" into 3D structures, was initially proposed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty member Skylar Tibbits in April of this year. Tibbits and his team combined a strand of plastic with a layer made out of "smart" material that could self-assemble in water.</div>
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"We advanced this concept by creating composite materials that can morph into several different, complicated shapes based on a different physical mechanism," said Dunn. "The secret of using shape memory polymer fibers to generate desired shape changes of the composite material is how the architecture of the fibers is designed, including their location, orientation and other factors."</div>
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The CU-Boulder team's findings were published last month in the journal <em>Applied Physics Letters</em>. The paper was co-authored by Qi "Kevin" Ge, who joined MIT as a postdoctoral research associate in September.</div>
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"The fascinating thing is that these shapes are defined during the design stage, which was not achievable a few years ago," said Qi.</div>
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The CU-Boulder team demonstrated that the orientation and location of the fibers within the composite determines the degree of shape memory effects like folding, curling, stretching or twisting. The researchers also showed the ability to control those effects by heating or cooling the composite material.</div>
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Qi says 3D printing technology, which has existed for about three decades, has only recently advanced to the point that active fibers can be incorporated into the composites so their behavior can be predictably controlled when the object is subjected to thermal and mechanical forces.</div>
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The technology promises exciting new possibilities for a variety of applications. Qi said that a solar panel or similar product could be produced in a flat configuration onto which functional devices can be easily installed. It could then be changed to a compact shape for packing and shipping. After arriving at its destination, the product could be activated to form a different shape that optimizes its function.</div>
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As 3D printing technology matures with more printable materials and higher resolution at larger scales, the research should help provide a new approach to creating reversible or tunable 3D surfaces and solids in engineering like the composite shells of complex shapes used in automobiles, aircraft and antennas.</div>
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The following's original post can be found <a href="http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=269747&f_src=designnews_gnews&dfpPParams=ind_183,industry_auto,industry_aero,industry_consumer,industry_gov,industry_machinery,industry_medical,aid_269747&dfpLayout=article" target="_blank">he<span id="goog_1153305759"></span><span id="goog_1153305760"></span>re in 'Design News'</a>:<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, geneva, helvetica; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px;">Materials & Assembly</span><br />
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4D Printing Self-Assembled Shapes Using Shape Memory Plastics</h1>
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<span class="bigsmall" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;"><span class="gray" style="border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e;"><a href="http://www.designnews.com/profile.asp?piddl_userid=392746" style="border: 0px; color: #5e5e5e; text-decoration: none;"><b>Ann R. Thryft, Senior Technical Editor, Materials & Assembly</b></a></span><span class="black" style="border: 0px;"><br />11/19/2013 </span></span></div>
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Last spring we <a href="http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1386&doc_id=260118" style="border: 0px; color: #b92126; text-decoration: none;" target="new">told you about</a> MIT's Skylar Tibbits, whose <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gMCZFHv9v8" style="border: 0px; color: #b92126; text-decoration: none;" target="new">TED talk</a> made the idea of 4D printing famous. The process self-assembles a 3D-printed object underwater using Stratasys's materials and its <a href="http://objet.com/3d-printers/connex/objet-connex500" style="border: 0px; color: #b92126; text-decoration: none;" target="new">Objet Connex 500 Multi Materials</a>inkjet 3D printer.<br />
Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder have combined 3D printing on the Objet Connex multi-material 3D printer with making shape-memory composites, calling that process 4D printing. By incorporating shape memory polymer fibers into a matrix of the 3D printer's composite multi-materials, an object can be printed in one shape and change its shape later, such as self-assembling into a cube. The team, led by associate professor of mechanical engineering H. Jerry Qi, detail their work in an <a href="http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/103/13/10.1063/1.4819837" style="border: 0px; color: #b92126; text-decoration: none;" target="new">open-access article</a> published in Applied Physics Letters. Other authors are postdoctoral research associate Qi Kevin Ge, and Martin L. Dunn, a professor at the Singapore University of Technology and Design.<br />
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<a href="http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?f_src=designnews%5Fgnews&dfpPParams=ind%5F183%2Cindustry%5Fauto%2Cindustry%5Faero%2Cindustry%5Fconsumer%2Cindustry%5Fgov%2Cindustry%5Fmachinery%2Cindustry%5Fmedical%2Caid%5F269747&dfpLayout=article&doc_id=269747&image_number=1" style="border: 0px; color: #b92126; text-decoration: none;" target="new"><img alt="Researchers led by H. Jerry Qi at the University of Colorado Boulder have combined Objet Connex multi-material 3D printing with making shape-memory composites, calling that process 4D printing. An object can be printed in one shape, such as the flat piece (left), and change its shape later, such as self-assembling into a cube (right) by applying heat. (Source: Glenn Asakawa/University of Colorado Boulder)" border="0" class="docimage" src="http://img.deusm.com/designnews/2013/11/269747/Jerry_Qi7GA.jpg" style="border: 0px;" /></a><br />
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<span class="docimagecaptiontext">Researchers led by H. Jerry Qi at the University of Colorado Boulder have combined Objet Connex multi-material 3D printing with making shape-memory composites, calling that process 4D printing. An object can be printed in one shape, such as the flat piece (left), and change its shape later, such as self-assembling into a cube (right) by applying heat.<br />(Source: Glenn Asakawa/University of Colorado Boulder)</span></div>
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In the article, the team describes how they designed and printed flat laminate materials that can be thermomechanically programmed to form a variety of complex, three-dimensional shapes, such as twisted, coiled, and bent strips of material, or sheets that fold themselves into cubes or various curves. When the material is heated again, these assembled shapes can then be returned to flat sheets.<br />
The team calls its new materials design printed active composites. The specific shapes and their behavior, such as folding, curling, twisting, and stretching, are determined by the architecture of the fibers and how they are designed, such as their shape, size, location, and orientation in the matrix. This architecture is specified within a CAD file and the composite is 3D printed directly from that file.<br />
The researchers emphasizes that their materials are different from Tibbits' in part because theirs are soft: the glassy polymer fibers are embedded in an elastomeric matrix. But they also say that "one can extend the concept to general spatial variations of materials properties and use computational design tool such as shape and topology optimization to design the layout of the materials in the composite, as well as exploit instabilities to create large configurational changes."<br />
An example application for the technology includes a flat solar panel that could change itself into a more compact shape for shipping, and then revert back after it's received. The Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the National Science Foundation provided funding for the research.<br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-44235351252430213852014-03-21T21:25:00.000-07:002014-04-26T18:56:39.010-07:00Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) videos update Mar, 2014<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) videos update Mar, 2014</span><br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Most recent videos dated from online sources April 2013. Other videos dated 2014 are re-posts from approximately 7yrs ago, so these were eliminated.</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDgQtwIwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Du94z2VXHntU&ei=pA8tU6XSCaOiyAH9yIG4DA&usg=AFQjCNF26RJ06KdhqkqoL9biSeQARh_pQA&sig2=qdZW63Hs8QHufVlDGggFlA&bvm=bv.62922401,d.aWc">NEW TECHNOLOGY - Useful "Shape Memory" Polyurethane Chair ...</a><br />
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" 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<div class="f slp" style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18px;">
Apr 10, 2013 - Uploaded by Quick Media</div>
<span class="st" style="background-color: white; color: #545454; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chair</span> that grows and packs itself has been designed in Belgium.</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CDQQtwIwAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9KpSKj_rQwE&ei=TQgtU47yFrOQyQHe2IHwCA&usg=AFQjCNGJ-WN2DMxOFwUqrcfF5kzCpMBv2A&sig2=71aKtcCcpNpixqbbLPcx7A&bvm=bv.62922401,d.aWc"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shape memory polymer - YouTube</span></a><br />
<img border="0" height="87" id="vidthumb1" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" 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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Apr 24, 2013 - Uploaded by mcskiii<br />May 4, 2009 - Uploaded by vikasri</span></div>
<span class="st" style="background-color: white; color: #545454; line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shape memory polyurethane polymer shape in cold water and hot water</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CEwQtwIwBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F55983944&ei=TQgtU47yFrOQyQHe2IHwCA&usg=AFQjCNF3N9I93ZuDvYgthr1TtmCBtCVeLg&sig2=FSkc7giFyC4ET0hHP3AGiw"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shape Memory Polymers — How do they work? on Vimeo</span></a><br />
<img border="0" height="65" id="vidthumb5" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="116" /><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.498039); line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dec 19, 2012</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f4f5f7; color: #71767a; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Short animation introducing usage of SMP polymers for P.O.P. system designed by Jan Kováříček (twoguys) for Jansen Display</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Video from Nanyang Technological University (Only 1st 7 minutes is free)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mar 10, 2011</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.omnexus.com/lod.aspx?preview=306</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CEAQtwIwAg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGTLwExvDVVw&ei=TQgtU47yFrOQyQHe2IHwCA&usg=AFQjCNEs2RcwS1LmCnIFZT3as2GGC5JApA&sig2=wztHjp7cl8mAwMeZHmdzQg&bvm=bv.62922401,d.aWc"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shape shifting chair - Shape Memory Polymer - Prototype - YouTube</span></a><br />
<img border="0" height="87" id="vidthumb3" 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width="116" /><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">16 Mar 2010 </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">www.noumenon.eu</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 17px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The SMP chair is a prototype demonstrating the possibilities for design offered by Shape Memory Polymers.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDoQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvuoorVtYWgk&ei=TQgtU47yFrOQyQHe2IHwCA&usg=AFQjCNEjj3i2rOQ5ga9g7iyAd30xCGuMjw&sig2=pmMBfT34sEgSHDpcUjlZOA&bvm=bv.62922401,d.aWc"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shape recovery response of a shape memory polymer - YouTube</span></a><br />
<img border="0" height="87" id="vidthumb2" 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width="116" /><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
<span class="st" style="background-color: white; color: #545454; line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2009, I made this video at MIT to demonstrate shape memory behavior of a polymer.</span></span><br />
<span class="st" style="background-color: white; color: #545454; line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Articles on this video, 2012</span></span><br />
<span class="st" style="background-color: white; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 20.363636016845703px;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.engadget.com/2010/12/10/shape-memory-polymer-knows-when-its-hurt-fixes-itself/</span></span></span><br />
<span class="st" style="background-color: white; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 20.363636016845703px;"><span style="color: #545454; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">http://makezine.com/2012/01/20/shape-memory-polymer-demo/</span></span></span><br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-25319609461144682462014-03-15T10:37:00.000-07:002014-04-26T18:56:53.984-07:00Re-Shaping the Future with Shape Memory Alloys - SMA Starter Kit<br />
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Re-Shaping the Future with Shape Memory Alloys - SMA Starter Kit</h1>
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From 2009, but a great idea!</div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1047272389"><br /></a>
<a href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/shape_memory_alloy/sma_starter_kit/prweb1952794.htm">http://www.prweb.com/releases/shape_memory_alloy/sma_starter_kit/prweb1952794.htm</a><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2AuRVGJflCI/Uyx4ohxXs6I/AAAAAAAAAMU/iKc8IgJ15Oc/s1600/sma+starter+kit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2AuRVGJflCI/Uyx4ohxXs6I/AAAAAAAAAMU/iKc8IgJ15Oc/s1600/sma+starter+kit.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div style="background-color: white;">
For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-4283842940572509712014-03-01T10:31:00.000-08:002014-04-26T18:57:06.389-07:00 Early 2014, Shape Memory Matierals News<br />
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<b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Early 2014, Shape Memory Matierals News<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CARNORAMA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.carnorama.com/date/2014/02/"><span style="background: white; color: #3399cc; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">February 19, 2014</span></a><span class="separator"><span style="background: white; color: #dddddd; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"> | </span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #999999; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Posted by </span><a href="http://www.carnorama.com/author/admin/" style="background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"><span style="background: white; color: #3399cc; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Anthony Spark</span></a><b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.carnorama.com/1225/automotive-smart-memory-materials/">http://www.carnorama.com/1225/automotive-smart-memory-materials/</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.75pt;">
<span style="color: #242424; font-size: 16.5pt;">Tooling Breakthrough for
Composite Aerostructures</span><span style="color: #242424; font-size: 16.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">Spirit AeroSystems, Spintech
Ventures partner to improve production for complex forms<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 19pt;">Grant leads
engineer to 'eureka' moment</span></b><span style="font-size: 19pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<a href="http://www.mississauga.com/community-story/3124239-grant-leads-engineer-to-eureka-moment/">http://www.mississauga.com/community-story/3124239-grant-leads-engineer-to-eureka-moment/</a><o:p></o:p><br />
<a href="http://smarteralloys.com/">http://smarteralloys.com/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">The International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic
Technologies (SMST™)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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2014<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www2.asminternational.org/content/Events/smst/">http://www2.asminternational.org/content/Events/smst/<o:p></o:p></a><br />
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<div style="background-color: white;">
For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology guidelines related to this can be downloaded for free at:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy</a></span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-67031322134338156792012-12-22T22:19:00.001-08:002014-04-14T15:52:26.035-07:00Shape Memory Polymer - Videos - 2011Shape Memory Polymer (SMP)<br />
Videos<br />
2011<br />
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For the latest SMP videos, please <a href="http://shapememorymaterial.blogspot.ca/2014/03/shape-memory-polymer-smp-videos-update.html" target="_blank">visit here</a>. And for the latest in Shape Memory Materials highlights, <a href="http://shapememorymaterial.blogspot.ca/" target="_blank">visit here</a>.<br />
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Here is a collection of some very interesting 'Shape Memory' (SM) applications in the form of video and animations over the year 2011<br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xmuzmw_shape-memory-polymer-tag_tech&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAAOABA-fGY9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=i1ogJYXRj6k&usg=AFQjCNH9yN_cppKi88oYITHQygpzva0NxA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Polymer tag - Video Dailymotion</a><br />
<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer(SMP) can store <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> information in the form of embossed <b>...</b> Learn <b>...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xmuzmw_shape-memory-polymer-tag_tech&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAAOABA-fGY9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=i1ogJYXRj6k&usg=AFQjCNH9yN_cppKi88oYITHQygpzva0NxA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xmuzmw_shape-memory-polymer-tag_tech">www.dailymotion.com/.../<wbr></wbr>xmuzmw_shape-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;">memory</span>-polymer-t.<wbr></wbr>..</a></td></tr>
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<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3Df2jleDAVGwA&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOANA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNF38Cab_MvhxJJ67VArh66YxE2EzQ" style="background-color: white; color: #1111cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> polymer 14 - YouTube</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> film is made from <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer by Manborui Material Technology(<a href="http://www.china-mbr.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.china-<wbr></wbr>mbr.com/</a>), <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer<b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3Df2jleDAVGwA&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOANA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNF38Cab_MvhxJJ67VArh66YxE2EzQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2jleDAVGwA">www.youtube.com/watch?v=<wbr></wbr>f2jleDAVGwA</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DehHq3BUUiSk&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOANA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNE4v2-_855AnV3RgmWfZqmKyhF-rw" style="background-color: white; color: #1111cc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> polymer 1 - YouTube</a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">This is small piece of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">film, made from</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">polymer by Manborui Material Technology(</span><a href="http://www.china-mbr.com/" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">http://www.china-<wbr></wbr>mbr.com/</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">),</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">...</b><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DehHq3BUUiSk&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOANA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNE4v2-_855AnV3RgmWfZqmKyhF-rw" style="background-color: white; color: #228822; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank" title="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehHq3BUUiSk">www.youtube.com/watch?v=<wbr></wbr>ehHq3BUUiSk</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">shape memory videos 2011, shape memory polymer video, polymer tag, polymer 14, polymer 1, china</span><br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology that employs SMP, guidelines can be downloaded for free at:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</span></div>
Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-25196948403137916622012-12-13T22:08:00.001-08:002013-05-29T09:44:43.701-07:002011 in review, collection of SMM news<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>2011 in review, collection of SMM news</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Here is a collection of some very interesting 'Shape Memory' (SM) applications, R&D and recent development over the year 2011. Yes, 2011, 2012 is next!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Starting from the last 1st.</span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/showEE.asp%3Fnewsid%3D11075&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjACOAJA-vzz9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNEGT9Cj16bhT8p_UewfVRbxVLb_1A" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2060876/Look-hands-Scientists-make-piece-plastic-turn-box.html%3Fito%3Dfeeds-newsxml&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAGOAZA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFQqGuTctaib4qz4Ev-KDjHqnofQA" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-d-patterns.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAIOAhA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHeMsLTB0Rk8n1eoXdRSRe-80qWjw" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/October/13101104.asp&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAEOARA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHI6sagJpWOaDHvTh3A8cLBVgWBWA" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.orthosupersite.com/view.aspx%3Frid%3D90629&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA-Nvi9wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNEXquLE0muEEv_d675metY0E2xNdA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedShape Inc. awarded patent for deploying <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> polymer <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ortho SuperSite</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/showEE.asp%3Fnewsid%3D11075&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjACOAJA-vzz9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNEGT9Cj16bhT8p_UewfVRbxVLb_1A" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2060876/Look-hands-Scientists-make-piece-plastic-turn-box.html%3Fito%3Dfeeds-newsxml&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAGOAZA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFQqGuTctaib4qz4Ev-KDjHqnofQA" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-d-patterns.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAIOAhA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHeMsLTB0Rk8n1eoXdRSRe-80qWjw" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/October/13101104.asp&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAEOARA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHI6sagJpWOaDHvTh3A8cLBVgWBWA" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">According to a company press release, <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers are materials that can “remember” more than one <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> and transition easily between those <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shapes</span> <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.medreps.com/medical-sales-company-news/medshape-eyes-future-medical-devices-sales-with-new-memory-polymer-patent/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA-Nvi9wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNHs6IuBbS5Ssq7EoUdWExicDq2xiw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedShape eyes future medical devices sales with new <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> polymer <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedReps</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">With more companies looking to corner the medical device sales market with new and innovative products, MedShape has announced its novel <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html%3Fpid%3D35613&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA-Nvi9wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNElI6c8cxj6cN-87ol8Zj3GI3Fgrg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">NASA Glenn Employees Receive the Agency's Prestigious Honor Awards</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Space Ref</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal: Ronald D. Noebe, Medina, for outstanding research and leadership in pioneering high-temperature <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://santamariatimes.com/places/offers/water-leaks-no-problem/article_fc97926e-272e-11e1-83f0-001871e3ce6c.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANA-Nvi9wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFWUReQvtDOuphfYn-rLo3ctgPIjA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Water Leaks? No Problem!</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Santa Maria Times</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the more unique features of certain types of PEX is its <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b>. Connections can be made by expanding the ends and inserting a fitting. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/marc.201100683/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOABA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFzDLAeARzqyzJPIZFh45wThucP3g" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Zinc Ion Uniquely Induced Triple <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Effect of Dipole <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Han, Y., Bai, T., Liu, Y., Zhai, X. and Liu, W. (2011), Zinc Ion Uniquely Induced Triple <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Effect of Dipole–Dipole Reinforced Ultra-High Strength <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/marc.201100683/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOABA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFzDLAeARzqyzJPIZFh45wThucP3g" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/marc.201100683/abstract"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/marc.../abstract</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://link.aip.org/link/applab/v99/i25/p252504/s1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOAFA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFetFM1T0_abnUpAN9rtpHMPntZtQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Unusual magnetic anisotropy in the ferromagnetic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Unusual magnetic anisotropy of the ferromagnetic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy Ni50Fe23Ga27 has been <b>...</b> Heusler alloy-type ferromagnetic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://link.aip.org/link/applab/v99/i25/p252504/s1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOAFA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFetFM1T0_abnUpAN9rtpHMPntZtQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://link.aip.org/link/applab/v99/i25/p252504/s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">link.aip.org/link/applab/v99/<wbr></wbr>i25/p252504/s1</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp209116u&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOAJA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNF766cFNUrqkp-VtdR6ygxph5dpeg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Crystal Orientation Behavior and <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Performance of <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> properties of the blends were also evaluated over the same blend <b>...</b> The maximum <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> recovery properties were observed for the <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp209116u&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOAJA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNF766cFNUrqkp-VtdR6ygxph5dpeg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp209116u"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/<wbr></wbr>jp209116u</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.igi-global.com/article/international-journal-manufacturing-materials-mechanical/62580&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAHOANA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFVksfg-a0OKTNvgjQaXkfolpQg7w" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">IGI Global: <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloy Based Actively Tuned Undamped <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloy Based Actively Tuned Undamped Mass Absorber (2156- 1680)(2156-1672): M. Senthil Kumar, V. Raj Kumar, S. Shyamkirthi: Journal <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.igi-global.com/article/international-journal-manufacturing-materials-mechanical/62580&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAHOANA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFVksfg-a0OKTNvgjQaXkfolpQg7w" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.igi-global.com/article/international-journal-manufacturing-materials-mechanical/62580"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.igi-global.com/article/<wbr></wbr>international-journal.../62580</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://ascelibrary.org/teo/resource/1/jtpedi/v137/i11/p805_s1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAIOARA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFn8-P_GpXx04ugiLLLc32yDS1myA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Thermomechanical Characterization of <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Polymer <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The failure of expansion joints is a leading cause for structural damage to bridge decks and concrete pavements. A fundamental requirement for sealant is that it <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://ascelibrary.org/teo/resource/1/jtpedi/v137/i11/p805_s1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAIOARA-Nvi9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=gZkSjTzwHRM&usg=AFQjCNFn8-P_GpXx04ugiLLLc32yDS1myA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://ascelibrary.org/teo/resource/1/jtpedi/v137/i11/p805_s1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ascelibrary.org/teo/resource/<wbr></wbr>1/jtpedi/v137/i11/p805_s1</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/medshape-inc-awarded-us-patent-for-deploying-shape-memory-polymer-devices-in-medical-applications-2011-12-15&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA-ea99wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNEgxwq-SMK4I1ixVpFZQrcTNjzNWw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedShape, Inc. Awarded US Patent for Deploying <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MarketWatch</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8069858, was granted December 6, 2011 for a "Method and Apparatus for Deploying a<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Polymer." <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers are advanced materials that <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.pharmaceutical-business-review.com/news/medshape-shape-memory-technology-wins-us-patent-161211&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA-ea99wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNHe_qDN6yrm_KAOdM-Gtz6omXpOaA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedShape <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> technology wins US patent</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pharmaceutical Business Review</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers are made of advanced materials which can remember more many<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shapes</span> and can transit easily between those <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shapes</span> with minimal force and <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://beckersorthopedicandspine.com/orthopedic-spine-device-implant-news/item/10193-medshape-receives-patent-for-memory-technology&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA-ea99wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNGc7CsKDedJ9xLO-4BwGFYcHsZCfA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedShape Receives Patent for <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Technology</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Becker's Orthopedic & Spine</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Atlanta-based orthopedic device company MedShape has received a United States patent for its <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer-based technology, according to a MedShape <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.healthpointcapital.com/research/2011/12/15/musculoskeletal_news_roundup_15dec11/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANA-ea99wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNEJpdYpt5A-3t832n3F4LR18_wagA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Musculoskeletal News Roundup 15-Dec-11</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">HealthpointCapital</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8069858, covering the "Method and Apparatus for Deploying a <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Polymer." Spinal Kinetics announced that a jury in the US District Court, <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile-news/newsdetails.aspx%3Fnews_id%3D106201&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARA-ea99wRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNHxgx05OATwVxDJKvxvuHpSAnDFXg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">DuPont Sorona launched for the Indian Textile Market</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Fibre2fashion.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> coupled with a softness that makes it comfortable for Jacket wear launched in other regions of the Asia under the “<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b>” fabric concept. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.qmed.com/news/medshape-awarded-us-patent-shape-memory-polymer-technology&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOABA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNEMc9TpAomJgmeAlnjdpnvTlRkUhQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedShape Awarded U.S. Patent for <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Polymer <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers are advanced materials that can "remember" more than one <b>...</b>Unlike traditional static implants, <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> devices can adapt to <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.qmed.com/news/medshape-awarded-us-patent-shape-memory-polymer-technology&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOABA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNEMc9TpAomJgmeAlnjdpnvTlRkUhQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.qmed.com/news/medshape-awarded-us-patent-shape-memory-polymer-technology"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.qmed.com/.../medshape-<wbr></wbr>awarded-us-patent-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-memo..<wbr></wbr>.</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23021/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOAFA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNFQaDimvjkZLbug0D_iRLijlQalng" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Soft bacterial polyester-based <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> <b>...</b> - Wiley Online Library</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Soft bacterial polyester-based <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> nanocomposites featuring <b>...</b> In this work, a novel soft <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer nanocomposite derived from a <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23021/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOAFA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNFQaDimvjkZLbug0D_iRLijlQalng" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.23021/abstract"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/polb.23021/abstract</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onespot.wsj.com/health/2011/12/16/8e53e/medshape-shape-memory-technology-wins-us&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAHOAJA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNFaleujClSTKpZGUPKnaSwFuJMmGg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Health - WSJ.com: MedShape <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> technology wins US <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MedShape <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> technology wins US patent. (Posted on PBR - News at Fri, Dec 16, 2011 at 06:13AM). The United States Copyright and Patent Office <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onespot.wsj.com/health/2011/12/16/8e53e/medshape-shape-memory-technology-wins-us&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAHOAJA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNFaleujClSTKpZGUPKnaSwFuJMmGg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onespot.wsj.com/health/2011/12/16/8e53e/medshape-shape-memory-technology-wins-us"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onespot.wsj.com/.../medshape-<wbr></wbr><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span>-technology-win...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://gilberteyl.over-blog.com/article-downloads-shape-memory-polymers-and-textiles-book-93199004.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAIOANA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNHQNMQSuToMUpy-ry4Zc9ufSKTStA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Downloads <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Polymers and Textiles book - gilberteyl</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Polymers and Textiles book downloadJack HuDownload <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span></b> <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b>Polymers and TextilesThe book presents an overview of SMPs and a <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://gilberteyl.over-blog.com/article-downloads-shape-memory-polymers-and-textiles-book-93199004.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAIOANA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNHQNMQSuToMUpy-ry4Zc9ufSKTStA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://gilberteyl.over-blog.com/article-downloads-shape-memory-polymers-and-textiles-book-93199004.html"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">gilberteyl.over-blog.com/<wbr></wbr>article-downloads-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-<wbr></wbr><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span>-po...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.201127477/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAJOARA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNEshsv_jhMnA6RGUigcaERmLlUWqw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Damping behavior of a novel porous CuAlMn <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> alloy <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">How to Cite. Wang, Q., Lu, D., Cui, C., Yan, N. and Wang, Q. (2011), Damping behavior of a novel porous CuAlMn <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy fabricated by <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.201127477/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAJOARA-ea99wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=k5S18CVLGPY&usg=AFQjCNEshsv_jhMnA6RGUigcaERmLlUWqw" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pssa.201127477/abstract"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/pssa.../abstract</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.itc.polyu.edu.hk/en/news/news-1e04fafa33fdaa8d01341115054e0002.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATABOAFA-fGY9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=i1ogJYXRj6k&usg=AFQjCNGzZTmkpV2w5UBNhtjQguTyV3yaEA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Seminar by the Institute of Polymer Research, Germany</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Multi-functional <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Polymers & Triple-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> Polymers <b>...</b> <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span>-</b> <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b>Polymers are a group of polymers which can change their <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> upon <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.itc.polyu.edu.hk/en/news/news-1e04fafa33fdaa8d01341115054e0002.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDABOAFA-fGY9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=i1ogJYXRj6k&usg=AFQjCNGzZTmkpV2w5UBNhtjQguTyV3yaEA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.itc.polyu.edu.hk/en/news/news-1e04fafa33fdaa8d01341115054e0002.html"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.itc.polyu.edu.hk/.../news-<wbr></wbr>1e04fafa33fdaa8d0134111505...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v81/i10/p1794_s1%3Fcoden%3DAPPLAB%26volume%3D81%26issue%3D10%26page%3D1794%26seqno%3D1%26view%3Dcitings&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATACOAJA-fGY9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=i1ogJYXRj6k&usg=AFQjCNEJnpe_ZGUVCJbpzgwmrNotNugbQg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Determination of the next-nearest neighbor order in β phase in Cu <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> neighbor order in β phase in Cu-Al-Ni <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v81/i10/p1794_s1%3Fcoden%3DAPPLAB%26volume%3D81%26issue%3D10%26page%3D1794%26seqno%3D1%26view%3Dcitings&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDACOAJA-fGY9wRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=i1ogJYXRj6k&usg=AFQjCNEJnpe_ZGUVCJbpzgwmrNotNugbQg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v81/i10/p1794_s1?coden=APPLAB&volume=81&issue=10&page=1794&seqno=1&view=citings"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/<wbr></wbr>.../p1794_s1?...1...</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://futureoftech.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/28/9072634-robotic-jellyfish-gets-more-realistic&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA-vzz9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNE5_jXIPWDkHtYixLNwFf2RtqsOGg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Robotic jellyfish gets more realistic</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">msnbc.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They did this by putting little wires, called bio-inspired <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy composites, that, when heated, contract just as a muscle does. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20111201006472/en/Research-Markets-Control-Engineering-Materials-Processing-Series&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA-vzz9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNGIG_HF3G8MZjl9lZx32d4vhsMszQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Research and Markets: Control Engineering in Materials Processing <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Business Wire</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Attention is focused here on the materials group known as smart eg <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloys (SMA) and piezoelectrics. The Department of Process Control at the <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/showEE.asp%3Fnewsid%3D11075&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA-vzz9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNEGT9Cj16bhT8p_UewfVRbxVLb_1A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. Jyotsna Kaushal, Prof and HoD Applied Sciences Invited for <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">India Education Diary</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> turbulence in fusion plasma, high energy density science with laser light, science- social science interface, ferromagnetic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> alloys. <b>...</b></span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px;" valign="top" width="80"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.stdl.se/%3Fp%3D1627%26utm_source%3Drss%26utm_medium%3Drss%26utm_campaign%3Dworkshop-on-shape-memory-alloy-part1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATADOABA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNENUofUSsiL57_Lpv2z85p9Bw2EDA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Workshop on <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloy -part1 - Smart Textiles Design <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">We had a workshop on SMA(<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloy) on 1t Nobember. The aim was to come up with woven SMA fabric swatches that has different expressions. <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.stdl.se/%3Fp%3D1627%26utm_source%3Drss%26utm_medium%3Drss%26utm_campaign%3Dworkshop-on-shape-memory-alloy-part1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDADOABA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNENUofUSsiL57_Lpv2z85p9Bw2EDA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.stdl.se/?p=1627&utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=workshop-on-shape-memory-alloy-part1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.stdl.se/?p=1627&amp;utm_<wbr></wbr>source=rss&amp;utm...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://material.media.mit.edu/%3Fp%3D1481&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOAFA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNHY5p6b209P0I0Fx2OS4ehWhOH_2Q" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloys (SMA) : Crafting Material Interfaces</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloys (SMA). by Fawn. by Shan Gao, Fangbing Qiu, Woong Ki Sung. Programmable Material. A material whose properties can be programmed <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://material.media.mit.edu/%3Fp%3D1481&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOAFA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNHY5p6b209P0I0Fx2OS4ehWhOH_2Q" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://material.media.mit.edu/?p=1481"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">material.media.mit.edu/?p=1481</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.it-paper.com/investigation-of-control-methodology-for-magnetically-controlled-shape-memory-alloy-actuators.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOAJA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNFp9aLDgLtuQs6uMIdFIxpkv02kDg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Investigation of Control Methodology for Magnetically Controlled <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Magnetically controlled <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy is a kind of functioning material that has a short <b>...</b> It is easier to control than temperature <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy. <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.it-paper.com/investigation-of-control-methodology-for-magnetically-controlled-shape-memory-alloy-actuators.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOAJA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNFp9aLDgLtuQs6uMIdFIxpkv02kDg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.it-paper.com/investigation-of-control-methodology-for-magnetically-controlled-shape-memory-alloy-actuators.html"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.it-paper.com/<wbr></wbr>investigation-of-control-<wbr></wbr>methodology-for-...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://science.soup.io/post/195846839/Shape-memory-polymer&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOANA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNF6vH8kJsOunKFoXhEyKe9ChA-p3A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> polymer - science, technology, space and engineering</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">"So, what we're suggesting is that something that can't interact with anything is changing something that can't be changed." Jere Jenkins about the research <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://science.soup.io/post/195846839/Shape-memory-polymer&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOANA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNF6vH8kJsOunKFoXhEyKe9ChA-p3A" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://science.soup.io/post/195846839/Shape-memory-polymer"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">science.soup.io/post/<wbr></wbr>195846839/<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span>-polymer</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.ptfe.gatech.edu/content/phd-defense-hongfeng-ren&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAHOARA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNEF2HWX059lb1YBf3Bipzbugs89Rg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ph.D. Defense - Hongfeng Ren | School of Materials Science and <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">NMR and FT-IR were used to identify the structure of the synthesized <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span></b> <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b>polyurethane-ureas. Parameters such as soft segment content ( molecular <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.ptfe.gatech.edu/content/phd-defense-hongfeng-ren&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAHOARA-vzz9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNEF2HWX059lb1YBf3Bipzbugs89Rg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.ptfe.gatech.edu/content/phd-defense-hongfeng-ren"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.ptfe.gatech.edu/content/<wbr></wbr>phd-defense-hongfeng-ren</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/239308/technology/apple-patent-hints-at-tougher-devices&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA_IfP9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=alUzxXB4IJ8&usg=AFQjCNFvfyH5fNdaiV_8f3MLxMjZ13eD7Q" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Apple patent hints at tougher devices</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">GMANews.TV</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Patently Apple said the tunable shock mount may be made of a polymer, a foam, a gel, a viscoelastic material, a <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> material, an exothermic <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.labmanager.com/%3Farticles.view/articleNo/6366/article/WVU-Ph-D--Nets-International-Award-for-Work-on-Superalloys&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA_IfP9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=alUzxXB4IJ8&usg=AFQjCNH5qcHM-aNrpucHinfOu4_5nLsvCA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">WVU Ph.D. Nets International Award for Work on Superalloys</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Lab Manager Magazine</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> homeland security; advanced materials for aerospace, automotive, power generation and other industries; and <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> and superelastic technology.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.scribd.com/doc/73994994/25/Shape-Memory-Alloys&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATADOAFA_IfP9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=alUzxXB4IJ8&usg=AFQjCNHzTb1wh7qaJCzkKCiLtR6rjPYTGw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloys</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> effect is a unique property of a special class of alloys that return <b>...</b> the most widely used of <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys because of their relative <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.scribd.com/doc/73994994/25/Shape-Memory-Alloys&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDADOAFA_IfP9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=alUzxXB4IJ8&usg=AFQjCNHzTb1wh7qaJCzkKCiLtR6rjPYTGw" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.scribd.com/doc/73994994/25/Shape-Memory-Alloys"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.scribd.com/doc/73994994/<wbr></wbr>25/<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span>-Alloys</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://earnestinebqq.over-blog.com/article-thin-film-shape-memory-alloys-fundamentals-and-device-applications-download-89847558.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOAJA_IfP9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=alUzxXB4IJ8&usg=AFQjCNH2ff22hIBCeGLpc4cEMceadZc2cA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Thin Film <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloys: Fundamentals and Device <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Thin Film <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloys: Fundamentals and Device Applications book downloadShuichi Miyazaki, Wei Min Huang, Yong Qing FuDownload Thin Film <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://earnestinebqq.over-blog.com/article-thin-film-shape-memory-alloys-fundamentals-and-device-applications-download-89847558.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOAJA_IfP9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=alUzxXB4IJ8&usg=AFQjCNH2ff22hIBCeGLpc4cEMceadZc2cA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://earnestinebqq.over-blog.com/article-thin-film-shape-memory-alloys-fundamentals-and-device-applications-download-89847558.html"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">earnestinebqq.over-blog.com/<wbr></wbr>article-thin-film-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-<wbr></wbr><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span>-...</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/a-more-efficient-bone-fixation-system-133873258.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNEHIbZhSVi7CcC9J17h1aQS19lvtA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A More Efficient Bone Fixation System</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PR Newswire</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Speed™ system is a comprehensive series of <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> bone fixation staple implants, in combination with single-use instruments. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/251061&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNGtFLc2Mv8yXVUEr3O4IVMeay1APQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Meet Robojelly - a robot that mimics graceful motions of jellyfish</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Newstrack India</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Robojelly, which is built out of silicone and uses <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy (SMA) actuators to swim, looks very similar to an actual jellyfish. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.kashmirobserver.net/language/download-wap-proof-2007-pro-3-4-1225-full-version.php&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNGX7Vtdypw0cemamQBnOZ1ozuZ6bA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">download wap proof 2007 pro 3 4 1225 full version</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kashmir Observer</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> of smart materials, including piezoelectric materials and <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys; Proлf and modeling of the deformation of carbon-nanotubes. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/apple-patent-shows-ideas-for-crack-resistant-iphone-airbags/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNFoK9NzWm8tZlaFQMynFXKgjITVQg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Apple patent shows ideas for crack-resistant iPhone airbags</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Digitaltrends.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The tunable option could have a shock mount made of polymyer, gel, foam, <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span></b> <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b>material, silicone rubber, viscoelastic material and other suitable <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.azorobotics.com/details.asp%3FnewsID%3D2260&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNG8y6vR25r4KU8bbNf79VeVQrgY_A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Research Team from Virginia Polytechnic Institute Develop <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">AZoRobotics</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The robot utilises the actuators made of <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy for swimming in the water. The robot moves just like a jellyfish by using the bell section which <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.newswise.com/articles/robojelly-gets-an-upgrade-underwater-robot-learns-to-swim-more-like-the-real-thing&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAFOAVA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNGK7snElReJyPryUiJQqzZ-0Z4HsQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Robojelly Gets an Upgrade: Underwater Robot Learns to Swim More <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Newswise</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The robot is built out of silicone and uses <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy (SMA) actuators to swim. To move through the water, the natural animal uses the bell section <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.overclockersclub.com/news/29950/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAGOAZA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNG3nqWeDV2ae-ACeSjHUaHBm0DeBg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">From 2D to 3D with Light</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Overclockers Club</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> are on lets you control the direction of the bend. The researchers were only trying to satisfy their own curiosity as they worked on <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://targetednews.com/disp_story.php%3Fs_id%3D1067562&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAHOAdA-pKq9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNFIkDmgrYKmBQWns4GnvH6H3P-z2A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">U.S. Patents Awarded to Inventors in Iowa (Nov. 15)</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Targeted News Service</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In some embodiments, the <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> element is formed from a <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <b>...</b> In other embodiments, the <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy may be selected to be ferromagnetic. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://jmmedical.com/nitinol/27072/Shape-Memory.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAIOABA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNEFLNUOb6-zEcuczSwNXPqilkYHOw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> - Johnson Matthey Medical</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Engineered metal alloys with superelastic and <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> properties that make them desirable for myriad applications in medical, aerospace and other <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://jmmedical.com/nitinol/27072/Shape-Memory.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAIOABA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNEFLNUOb6-zEcuczSwNXPqilkYHOw" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://jmmedical.com/nitinol/27072/Shape-Memory.html"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">jmmedical.com/nitinol/27072/<wbr></wbr><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span>.html</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.slideshare.net/gmatos/presentation-from-fiction-to-reality-shape-memory-alloys-in-civil-engineering&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAJOAFA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNH_bP_FNLEQDRXogRgkxXL4M7w9Cg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Presentation from fiction to reality <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> alloys in civil e...</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FROM FICTION TO REALITY – <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">SHAPE</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">MEMORY</span></b> ALLOYS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING José Montezinho Hugo Cruz Jorge Pinto Vítor Cunha Humberto Varum <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.slideshare.net/gmatos/presentation-from-fiction-to-reality-shape-memory-alloys-in-civil-engineering&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAJOAFA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNH_bP_FNLEQDRXogRgkxXL4M7w9Cg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.slideshare.net/gmatos/presentation-from-fiction-to-reality-shape-memory-alloys-in-civil-engineering"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.slideshare.net/.../<wbr></wbr>presentation-from-fiction-to-<wbr></wbr>reality-sha...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pen.22170/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAKOAJA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNHDD8achnhAW0nJnoUgrDVNHm1Y-A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Influences of phase composition and thermomechanical conditions <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Influences of phase composition and thermomechanical conditions on <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span></b> <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b>properties of segmented polyurethanes with amorphous reversible phase <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pen.22170/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAKOAJA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNHDD8achnhAW0nJnoUgrDVNHm1Y-A" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pen.22170/abstract"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/pen.22170/abstract</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheettext.aspx%3Fmatguid%3Dbf2f2823ec9c4f6b92232589da9d3bbe&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATALOANA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNENnWg1-8_WGM9xMm7mTfoc_d6kCA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CRG Industries Essemplex AB43 Thermoplastic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SMP, Essemplex is a melt-processible <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer (SMP) resin. Its unique properties offer versatile design options for reconfigurable and <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheettext.aspx%3Fmatguid%3Dbf2f2823ec9c4f6b92232589da9d3bbe&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDALOANA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNENnWg1-8_WGM9xMm7mTfoc_d6kCA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheettext.aspx?matguid=bf2f2823ec9c4f6b92232589da9d3bbe"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.matweb.com/search/<wbr></wbr>datasheettext.aspx?matguid...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pen.22170/full&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAMOARA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNFPQfnj8dbszGjexPWytCrnYJeLkQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Influences of phase composition and thermomechanical conditions <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polyurethanes (SMPUs) aroused increasing interests from both academia and industry in the past decades because of their extensive <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pen.22170/full&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAMOARA-pKq9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=SzFwN814Ojc&usg=AFQjCNFPQfnj8dbszGjexPWytCrnYJeLkQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pen.22170/full"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/pen.22170/full</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.azonano.com/news.aspx%3FnewsID%3D23743&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNEnHVxW1BWgoV75E9WaF_JIsYhLoQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Researchers Probe Structural Phase Transition of <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">AZoNano.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By Cameron Chai Physicists from the University of Constance, Peter Nielaba and Daniel Mutter, have observed some changes in <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> materials at the <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid%3D23333.php&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNEnlzwyobJXa5fOURHPS9Ofe8iw3g" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Can metals remember their <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span></b> at nanoscale, too?</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nanowerk LLC</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(Nanowerk News) University of Constance physicists Daniel Mutter and Peter Nielaba have visualised changes in <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> materials down to the nanometric <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi%3Fstory_id%3D43820&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHCSv11ZebLiO5YoEWF9zysHjeJNA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Can metals remember their <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span></b> at nanoscale, too? How nickel <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nanotechnology News</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Only <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys, however, can return to their original <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> after being heated above a specific temperature. For the first time, <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://idealab.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/11/shrinky-dinks-manufacturing-process-developed.php&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNErXVv_j8nIEoqx5f61p7O4ccQuYw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'Shrinky Dinks' Manufacturing Process Developed</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TPM</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The researchers have created flat forms of <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers that quickly assemble themselves into three-dimensional <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shapes</span>, simply by exposing them the <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/-us-patents-awarded-inventors-massachusetts-nov-13-/2011/11/13/5925307.htm&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNGvX1RIG2_Cf9sqKPbFGykBNuUOQA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">US Patents Awarded to Inventors in Massachusetts (Nov. 13)</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TMC Net</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The superelastic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy composite material is formed of a plurality of superelastic wires embedded in an elastomeric matrix material. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/ontario-centres-excellence-honours-three-start-ups-with-over-200k-facilitate-innovative-1583957.htm&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAFOAVA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHyGkLqf68ACvanFK_3auJA5sNqPw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ontario Centres of Excellence Honours Three Start-Ups With Over <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Marketwire</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This proprietary advanced processing method can be applied to virtually any <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy (SMA) to locally modify their properties. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2060876/Look-hands-Scientists-make-piece-plastic-turn-box.html%3Fito%3Dfeeds-newsxml&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAGOAZA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFQqGuTctaib4qz4Ev-KDjHqnofQA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Look no hands! Scientists make a piece of plastic turn itself into <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Daily Mail</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Researchers at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology last year used silicon rubber and '<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b>' alloy foil to create a material<b>...</b></span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px;" valign="top" width="80"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/12/how-walmart-is-changing-china/8709/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAHOAdA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHD18gpoN-c1dbk75yMWKUt5zqYAg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">How Walmart Is Changing China</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Atlantic</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Like nitinol, a unique nickel-titanium alloy that possesses “<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b>,” bending at low temperatures only to regain its original form when heated, <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-d-patterns.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAIOAhA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHeMsLTB0Rk8n1eoXdRSRe-80qWjw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Using light, researchers convert 2-D patterns into 3-D objects</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PhysOrg.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">“This finding stems from work we were doing on <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> polymers, in part to satisfy our own curiosity. As it turns out, it works incredibly well,” <b>...</b></span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px;" valign="top" width="80"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/248373/20111113/origami-pulse-light-scientists-make-sheets-fold.htm&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAJOAlA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFIH_S-oSJglahwTXX2lYCaDhB5MA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Origami With a Pulse of Light; Scientists Make Sheets Fold in <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">International Business Times</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They used "<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy foil and flexible silicon rubber” to create the effect. This new technique, however, could prove to be a revolutionary step <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.mddionline.com/article/shape-memory-alloy-enables-conversion-magnetic-field-energy-kinetic-energy&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAKOABA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFpz2PdHuFuk7diaY74_Fr2gM9j7Q" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloy Enables the Conversion of Magnetic-Field <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Goodfellow Alloy A magnetic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy composed of nickel, manganese, and gallium responds to magnetic fields and temperature, allowing for the <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.mddionline.com/article/shape-memory-alloy-enables-conversion-magnetic-field-energy-kinetic-energy&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAKOABA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFpz2PdHuFuk7diaY74_Fr2gM9j7Q" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.mddionline.com/article/shape-memory-alloy-enables-conversion-magnetic-field-energy-kinetic-energy"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.mddionline.com/.../<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-<wbr></wbr><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span>-alloy-enables-conver...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://backup-your-wii.com/2011/11/hdiuk-mymediakey-16gb-usb-key-shape-memory-stick-high-quality-storage-for-backups-photos-music-and-video-brushed-steel-finish-keys-or-lanyard/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATALOAFA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNGyYXo5Y2hfcUqFmQaem3m6hOX7Jw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">HDIUK MyMediaKey 16GB USB Key <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> stick. High <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">HDIUK MyMediaKey 16GB USB Key <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> stick. High quality Storage for backups, Photos, Music and Video. Brushed steel finish Keys or Lanyard <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://backup-your-wii.com/2011/11/hdiuk-mymediakey-16gb-usb-key-shape-memory-stick-high-quality-storage-for-backups-photos-music-and-video-brushed-steel-finish-keys-or-lanyard/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDALOAFA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNGyYXo5Y2hfcUqFmQaem3m6hOX7Jw" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://backup-your-wii.com/2011/11/hdiuk-mymediakey-16gb-usb-key-shape-memory-stick-high-quality-storage-for-backups-photos-music-and-video-brushed-steel-finish-keys-or-lanyard/"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">backup-your-wii.com/.../hdiuk-<wbr></wbr>mymediakey-16gb-usb-key-sh...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/phys/aip/794171.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAMOAJA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNEFOgoZSnsm6Bs6HEzJNi_AjF3Frg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Tailoringof magnetocaloric effect in Ni45.5Mn43.0In11 <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These ferromagnetic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys (FSMA) exhibit ferromagnetic and <b>...</b> magnetic<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys: the avoiding, or reduction, of the annealing to <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/phys/aip/794171.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAMOAJA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNEFOgoZSnsm6Bs6HEzJNi_AjF3Frg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/phys/aip/794171.pdf"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.hindawi.com/journals/phys/<wbr></wbr>aip/794171.pdf</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://imechanica.org/node/11392&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATANOANA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHvcBu1uFZQipDyoaIma2It5d52Kw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">PhDs and Post-doctorate Research Positions in <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloys</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are several immediate openings of research-oriented Phds and Post-Doc positions, in the department of civil engineering, the University of Akron (UA). <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://imechanica.org/node/11392&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDANOANA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHvcBu1uFZQipDyoaIma2It5d52Kw" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://imechanica.org/node/11392"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">imechanica.org/node/11392</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma202019v&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAOOARA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHnBnbWO6_hPyg7Bj6v_zBSoHsoFA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Understanding the Mechanisms Involved in <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Starch <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers (SMP) are stimuli-responsive materials that recover their initial<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> (permanent <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>) after being deformed into a temporary one <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma202019v&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAOOARA9Z2F9gRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHnBnbWO6_hPyg7Bj6v_zBSoHsoFA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma202019v"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/<wbr></wbr>ma202019v</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/2011/10/31/prize-for-innovation-awarded-to-start-up-company-led-by-dr-duncan-maitland/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNEAT6XPIilxJJmDLGinWGZLTcyvrg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Prize For Innovation Awarded to Start-Up Company Led By Dr. Duncan <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Texas A&M University</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Therapeutics, Inc., led by Dr. Duncan Maitland, associate professor in Texas A&M's Department of Biomedical Engineering in the Dwight Look <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2011/10/31/daily13-Mx-Orthopedics-steps-up-to-1M-in-seed-money.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNGSYtjOu_ZB0TylqvBXHvglWwh00A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mx Orthopedics steps up to $1M in seed money</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mass High Tech</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Fonte was named as inventor on patent issued to Mx Orthopedics in May for a self-locking bone prosthetic structure that uses a <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> material to make <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.thenewage.co.za/34137-12-53-Be_the_glitch_you_want_to_see_in_the_system&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNGaD2hDVajKDSVJ2Zeyp4n73DfNBQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Be the glitch you want to see in the system</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The New Age Online</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One set of scientists, led by Seung-Won Kim at Seoul National University, South Korea, managed to replicate the mechanism using <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> materials, <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.wired.com/geekdad/2011/11/a-complete-education-in-robot-builders-bonanza/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNG7FZfKX_gujKmiYShwm0eBGzr0ZA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A Complete Education in <cite>Robot Builder's Bonanza</cite></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wired News</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Gordon closes out Part 3 with a short discussion of SMA, or <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloy. I have absolutely no idea if or when I'll ever use this information, <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://scienceblogs.com/usasciencefestival/2011/11/a_new_science_video_series_fro.php%3Futm_source%3Dnetworkbanner%26utm_medium%3Dlink&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAFOAVA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNF8FVj19tiCeWsXT-T3VZmhWcEHdQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A New Science Video Series From Nifty Fifty Speaker Ainissa Ramirez</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ScienceBlogs</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Her titles to date are Space Shuttle Tiles, <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloys, Solar Cells and <b>...</b> She also developed thin film <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span></b>-<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys, which have the unique <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://boston.citybizlist.com/7/2011/11/2/MX-Orthopedics-Closes-1M-Offering--cbl.aspx&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAGOAZA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNGJvIOgYUrGl8qMyBIh04Xchez7pg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MX Orthopedics Closes $1M Offering - cbl</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Citybizlist</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Both patents are related to the <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloy Hip Implant, a device designed by MX Orthopedics to better conform to the femur bone in order to prevent <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/thinking-tech/little-bot-of-horrors-insect-eating-robots-act-as-venus-flytraps/9115&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAHOAdA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNEF9UtIO93Uxu9FYU9sTx5TqaFJGA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Little bot of horrors: Insect-eating robots act as Venus flytraps</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SmartPlanet.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">At Seoul National University, Seung-Won Kim and colleagues developed one prototype using<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> materials that move when subjected to force or an <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/robotic-venus-flytrap-could-rid-you-of-bugs-and-power-itself/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAIOAhA9ajg9QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNF-NtCGHPH0zw1KszmNVC0vRcRoKA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Robotic Venus Flytrap Could Rid You of Bugs and Power Itself</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TheBlaze.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">New Scientist reports that scientists at Seoul National University in South Korea used <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> materials, which after the weight of a fly causes a <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp%3FfsID%3D18343%26page%3D1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAJOABA9ajg9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNGgJLS7DNZW5mUJEpTo3FARCvj33Q" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base - Fact Sheet (Printable) : AFRL/RXB <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer composite material developed in part by the Air Force Research<b>...</b> These <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers are the key enablers for TEMBO® <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.wpafb.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp%3FfsID%3D18343%26page%3D1&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAJOABA9ajg9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=vPRjiy4zd_E&usg=AFQjCNGgJLS7DNZW5mUJEpTo3FARCvj33Q" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.wpafb.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=18343&page=1"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.wpafb.af.mil/library/<wbr></wbr>factsheets/factsheet_print.<wbr></wbr>asp?...</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://cordis.europa.eu/fetch%3FCALLER%3DEN_NEWS%26ACTION%3DD%26SESSION%3D%26RCN%3D33958&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA-LO79QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNHQs6hV-Ag4DWcdYQ1kaA8rTJ5wHg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cheaper alloy material in the pipeline</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Cordis News</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Researchers recognise the high cost of alloy used to produce <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> materials based on nickel and titanium. The development of a cheaper product could <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21228356.100-robot-venus-flytraps-could-eat-bugs-for-fuel.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA-LO79QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNFWL8qcWsM6P6siIFFcBrNynhHoWA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Robot Venus flytraps could eat bugs for fuel</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">New Scientist</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">At Seoul National University in South Korea, Seung-Won Kim and colleagues have done this using <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> materials. These switch between two stable <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://seekingalpha.com/article/303480-china-biotech-week-in-review-biobay-park-forms-partnership-with-roche-harvard&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA-LO79QRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNFTRSk2I5SCZNHZtafZjqnwLh2ikg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">China Biotech Week In Review: BioBay Park Forms Partnership With <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Seeking Alpha</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> into a subsidiary, Shanghai <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloy Material. <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloy will use the money to expand production of its coronary occlusion products.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details/store/gb/book/978-3-8465-2550-0/s-m-a-shape-memory-alloy-cooling-system-by-peltier-cells&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATADOABA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNEzJ_iZsuShzLmZf4T0MjRNtzWGDQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">S.M.A. <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloy cooling system by Peltier cells / 978-3 <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">S.M.A. <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloy cooling system by Peltier cells, 978-3-8465-2550-0, 9783846525500, 3846525502, Heating,- energy- and power station technology <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details/store/gb/book/978-3-8465-2550-0/s-m-a-shape-memory-alloy-cooling-system-by-peltier-cells&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDADOABA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNEzJ_iZsuShzLmZf4T0MjRNtzWGDQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details/store/gb/book/978-3-8465-2550-0/s-m-a-shape-memory-alloy-cooling-system-by-peltier-cells"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">https://www.lap-publishing.<wbr></wbr>com/.../s-m-a-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span>-<wbr></wbr>alloy...</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aav/aip/261896.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOAFA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNFANTnnowSo-y9F4TH32jjdP0LR-w" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">NONLINEAR MODEL OF PSEUDOELASTIC <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">SHAPE</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">MEMORY</span></b> <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Recently, there has been increasing interest in using super-elastic <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span></b> <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys for applications in seismic resistant design. <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aav/aip/261896.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOAFA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNFANTnnowSo-y9F4TH32jjdP0LR-w" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aav/aip/261896.pdf"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.hindawi.com/journals/aav/<wbr></wbr>aip/261896.pdf</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx%3FpaperID%3D8138&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOAJA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNGGlKPFNqhTZCWmLjzdK0YZzTwplA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Paper: Theoretical Investigations of Ti-Based Binary <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The electronic structure and ground state properties of TiX (X = Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt and Cu) type<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> alloys have been calculated using the self consistent <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx%3FpaperID%3D8138&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOAJA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNGGlKPFNqhTZCWmLjzdK0YZzTwplA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=8138"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.scirp.org/journal/<wbr></wbr>PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=<wbr></wbr>8138</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3197/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOANA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNHRt4lNFW6MLdOz0qn-ZUN_fbRxzA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Design, synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A novel series of biodegradable <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polyurethane ureas (SMPUUs) were <b>...</b>Their structure, degree of crosslinking, thermal properties, <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3197/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOANA-LO79QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=mhpt_bjVdtM&usg=AFQjCNHRt4lNFW6MLdOz0qn-ZUN_fbRxzA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3197/abstract"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/pi.3197/abstract</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.144113&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATADOABA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNHdz3r5FuEMVN_lvKGDZuLHgEZLuQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Twinning hierarchy, <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b>, and superelasticity <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">K−. I. INTRODUCTION. <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys (SMAs) are a fascinating class <b>...</b> is clearly useful for <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b>, since the atoms must always return to the <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.144113&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDADOABA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNHdz3r5FuEMVN_lvKGDZuLHgEZLuQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.144113"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/<wbr></wbr>PhysRevB.84.144113</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.innoget.com/search-technology-requests-by-tags/shape-memory/1756&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOAFA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNEyKFNHtnr1HROc5EoDB2EEh3vClQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Technology Requests by Tag: <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> - Challenges</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Open innovation marketplace <a href="http://innoget.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">innoget.com</a>: Search Technology Requests / challenges.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.innoget.com/search-technology-requests-by-tags/shape-memory/1756&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOAFA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNEyKFNHtnr1HROc5EoDB2EEh3vClQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.innoget.com/search-technology-requests-by-tags/shape-memory/1756">www.innoget.com/search-<wbr></wbr>technology-requests-by.../1756</a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.slideserve.com/presentation/179945/Shape-Memory-Alloys&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAHOARA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNGvhHtqbuqwEYUZGvwZrVrMgJUO3A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloys</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">History Of SMA\'s. Discovered in 1932.By Chang and Read.In 1938, Brass (CuZn ).In 1951, Gold Cadmium (AuCd).Not utilized until 1962.Buehler and <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.slideserve.com/presentation/179945/Shape-Memory-Alloys&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAHOARA_b6W9QRIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=XVpcmDsxnDM&usg=AFQjCNGvhHtqbuqwEYUZGvwZrVrMgJUO3A" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.slideserve.com/presentation/179945/Shape-Memory-Alloys"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">www.slideserve.com/<wbr></wbr>presentation/.../<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span>-<wbr></wbr>Alloys</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/article/3/2011101120111011025648783e08e3719/NIDian%25E2%2580%2599s-%25E2%2580%2598carbike%25E2%2580%2599-enters-US-auto-show.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNH1DKni3ScvSnrmgHF2JxaNCQ6OGA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">NIDian's 'car-bike' enters US auto show</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ahmedabad Mirror</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> he has used simple yet effective technology. <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys are used in the front wheel rim to transform it from a circular wheel to a flat ski.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.tgdaily.com/general-sciences-features/59044-tiny-artificial-muscles-flex-like-elephants-trunk&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNF_mkiTVleMGsucLUX0YvpT7SThnA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Tiny artificial muscles flex like elephant's trunk</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TG Daily</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> thousand times more flexible than currently available artificial muscles composed of<b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys, conducting organic polymers or ferroelectrics. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/uota-cnm101011.php&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNFXvLVMyOpQOE8niOSDDR0W_RDdjA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Carbon nanotube muscles generate giant twist for novel motors</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">EurekAlert</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> is over a thousand times that of previous artificial muscles, which are based on ferroelectrics, <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys, or conducting organic polymers. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.insidecosmeceuticals.com/news/2011/10/pureology-colourstylist-hair-care-collection.aspx&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNGIlrjyfWlpY2UZkoFzWmuUXMSbug" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pureology ~ ColourStylist Hair Care Collection</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Inside Cosmeceuticals.com</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">AntiSplitBlowDry Styling Cream: This lightweight, humidity-resistant cream provides mild control, eases blow-drying, provides long-lasting <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> and <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/October/13101104.asp&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHI6sagJpWOaDHvTh3A8cLBVgWBWA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Carbon nanotubes give artificial muscles a new twist</span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Chemistry World</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>...</b> length is more than a thousand times that of previous torsional artificial muscles, based on <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> alloys or conducting polymers,' says Baughman. <b>...</b></span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px;" valign="top" width="80"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/2011/10/13/ubc-researchers-invent-tiny-artificial-muscles-with-the-strength-flexibility-of-elephant-trunk/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAFOAVA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHXmHhHxwPH1YtzSw0QYPrNDe34Zg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">UBC researchers invent tiny artificial muscles with the strength <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">University of British Columbia</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is more than a thousand times that of available artificial muscles composed of <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloys, conducting organic polymers or ferroelectrics, <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://lenrosen4.wordpress.com/tag/shape-memory-polymers/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAGOABA9snx9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNEPTGb-LuQEk3lZr6_EGpTjO6mQrQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> polymers « 21st Century Tech Blog</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">What does the diagram below have to do with automobiles? If you don't recognize the pyramid, this is Abraham Maslow's hierarchical diagram, a model that <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://lenrosen4.wordpress.com/tag/shape-memory-polymers/&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAGOABA9snx9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNEPTGb-LuQEk3lZr6_EGpTjO6mQrQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://lenrosen4.wordpress.com/tag/shape-memory-polymers/"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">lenrosen4.wordpress.com/tag/<wbr></wbr><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span>-polymers/</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3192/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAHOAFA9snx9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNEVmrkAlcx47ifl7zR7Bd25betqOQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Studies of the moisture-sensitive <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> effect of pyridine <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Author Information. 1. Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3192/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAHOAFA9snx9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNEVmrkAlcx47ifl7zR7Bd25betqOQ" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3192/abstract"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/pi.3192/abstract</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://smart.hit.edu.cn/files/Surface%2520Coating%2520of%2520Multiwalled%2520Carbon%2520Nanotube%2520Nanopaper%2520on%2520Shape-Memory%2520Polymer%2520for%2520Multifunctionalization.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAIOAJA9snx9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHwNNy_YBUpAKbIrMUzfKZAJcr7tg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Surface coating of multi-walled carbon nanotube nanopaper on <b>...</b></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Meanwhile, in combination with <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymer (SMP), the conductive. MWCNT <b>...</b><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span>-<span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> polymers (SMPs) are attracting attention of sci- <b>...</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://smart.hit.edu.cn/files/Surface%2520Coating%2520of%2520Multiwalled%2520Carbon%2520Nanotube%2520Nanopaper%2520on%2520Shape-Memory%2520Polymer%2520for%2520Multifunctionalization.pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAIOAJA9snx9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHwNNy_YBUpAKbIrMUzfKZAJcr7tg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://smart.hit.edu.cn/files/Surface%20Coating%20of%20Multiwalled%20Carbon%20Nanotube%20Nanopaper%20on%20Shape-Memory%20Polymer%20for%20Multifunctionalization.pdf"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">smart.hit.edu.cn/.../Surface%<wbr></wbr>20Coating%20of%20Multiwalled..<wbr></wbr>.</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2011/10/06/houston-technology-center-names-2011.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABA9tTM9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNHj8CyH1sAwoipNabg10CD2DxBf9g" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Houston Technology Center names 2011 Goradia winners</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;">Bizjournals.com</a><br /><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Therapeutics Inc. took the second prize award of $25000 for its neurovascular device that can treat cerebral aneurysm. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.independent.com.mt/news.asp%3Fnewsitemid%3D133099&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFA9tTM9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNHHO258uhnrXJDLbfITD2zeQF00dw" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Employment & Training on Wednesday - Moulding the country's <b>...</b></a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;">Malta Independent Online</a><br />These <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy recoverable technology (SMART) stents or put simply, implantable metal structures, allow for the treatment of cerebrovascular <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://stacks.iop.org/SMS/20/115008&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATACOABA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNGMsWaFIqhtIlAyIMf5Vv-aMh49hA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Mechanical properties and theoretical modeling of self-centering <b>...</b></a><br />A novel energy absorbing material with residual deformation self-recovery ability, martensitic nickel titanium (NiTi) <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> alloy pseudo-rubber (SMAPR), <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://stacks.iop.org/SMS/20/115008&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDACOABA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNGMsWaFIqhtIlAyIMf5Vv-aMh49hA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://stacks.iop.org/SMS/20/115008">stacks.iop.org/SMS/20/115008</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3188/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATADOAFA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNH_Xd9l7vFYw0_Wzvn97cx9h5xsSg" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Electromagnetic activation of a <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">memory</span></b> <b>...</b> - Wiley Online Library</a><br />Yang, D., Huang, W., He, X. and Xie, M. (2011), Electromagnetic activation of a <b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">shape</span><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">memory</span></b> copolymer matrix incorporating ferromagnetic nanoparticles. <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3188/abstract&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDADOAFA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNH_Xd9l7vFYw0_Wzvn97cx9h5xsSg" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pi.3188/abstract">onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/<wbr></wbr>10.1002/pi.3188/abstract</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=https://www.ordineingegneri.milano.it/fondazione/eventi-passati/materiali-nanostrutturati-per-nuove-soluzioni/coda_leghe_a_memoria_di_forma-pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAEOAJA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNH52UNumxP7El9K7eZFs1UtUPWCyA" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank"><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222;">Memory</span></b> Alloys (SMA)</a><br /><b><span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Shape</span> <span class="il" style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Memory</span></b> Alloys (SMA). Martensitic Nanostructure and. Recent Applications Development. A. Coda. SAES Getters S.p.A., Lainate (MI), Italy. Materiali <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=https://www.ordineingegneri.milano.it/fondazione/eventi-passati/materiali-nanostrutturati-per-nuove-soluzioni/coda_leghe_a_memoria_di_forma-pdf&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAEOAJA9tTM9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=a1w3Zg3tVpQ&usg=AFQjCNH52UNumxP7El9K7eZFs1UtUPWCyA" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="https://www.ordineingegneri.milano.it/fondazione/eventi-passati/materiali-nanostrutturati-per-nuove-soluzioni/coda_leghe_a_memoria_di_forma-pdf">https://www.ordineingegneri.<wbr></wbr>milano.it/.../coda_leghe_a_<wbr></wbr>memo...</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.azom.com/news.aspx%3FnewsID%3D30710&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABAreGn9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNHduMJVjM-f0o_UgJzl3XwdVcX2kQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Croatian Researchers Develop Cheaper Shape Memory A</a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.azom.com/news.aspx%3FnewsID%3D30710&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAAOABAreGn9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNHduMJVjM-f0o_UgJzl3XwdVcX2kQ" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1111cc;">lloys</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;">Azom.com</a><br />The titanium and nickel based alloy utilized to make shape memory materials is expensive and hence researchers have begun searching for cheaper alternatives <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.investors.com/NewsAndAnalysis/Article/586187/201109271829/Memory-alloys-are-shaping-up.aspx&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATABOAFAreGn9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNFOQGD8LgxfEOsb4tAWsCfOTwTKuQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Memory alloys are shaping up</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;">Investor's Business Daily</a><br />Mirko Gojic's work on a copper-based shape-memory alloy has reached its final stages ... Shape memory alloys have great commercial potential for use in the <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2011/09/28/finalists-unveiled-for-houston.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATACOAJAreGn9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNFCe5-waSsfuZBAROEWODhALUo1KQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Finalists unveiled for Houston Technology Center prize</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;">Bizjournals.com</a><br />College Station-based Shape Memory Therapeutics Inc. — for commercializing a neurovascular device to treat cerebral aneurysms. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/health/article-23991923-the-faster-way-to-a-perfect-smile.do&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATADOANAreGn9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNE5ajb-aOlUG9_FQxtAYSkIwhP5KQ" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">The faster way to a perfect smile</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;">Evening Standard</a><br />The brace, SureSmile, uses wire developed by Nasa - it has 100 per cent shape memory - and is so precisely shaped that it has to be cut by robots using 3-D <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.texastechpulse.com/houston_technology_center_dangles____k_for_entrepreneurs/s-0038423.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoATAEOARAreGn9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNG3Sn-8tFlSOuoc2BpPJ1kKJEVx4A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Houston Technology Center Dangles $150K For Entrepreneurs</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" style="color: #777777;">Texas Tech Pulse</a><br /><b>...</b> Osteocene, bone reconstruction technology; Shape Memory Therapeutics, neurovascular devices; and , a developer of signal detection technology. <b>...</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 8px 16px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/%3Fvgnextoid%3D075c1ae8ed5b2310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoATAFOABAreGn9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNFwpBjqdLpLP42kFhYSrLFEvGu18A" style="color: #1111cc;" target="_blank">Rapid-solidification copper-base shape memory alloys are low in cost</a><br />Researchers at the University of Zagreb in Croatia are working to develop a low- cost copper-aluminum-nickel shape memory alloy via rapid solidification. Led by <b>...</b><br /><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/%3Fvgnextoid%3D075c1ae8ed5b2310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAEoBDAFOABAreGn9ARIAVgAYgJlbg&cd=qWGUUz4UcRE&usg=AFQjCNFwpBjqdLpLP42kFhYSrLFEvGu18A" style="color: #228822;" target="_blank" title="http://www.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/NewsItem/?vgnextoid=075c1ae8ed5b2310VgnVCM100000621e010aRCRD">www.asminternational.org/<wbr></wbr>portal/site/www/NewsItem/?...</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/showEE.asp%3Fnewsid%3D11075&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjACOAJA-vzz9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNEGT9Cj16bhT8p_UewfVRbxVLb_1A" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2060876/Look-hands-Scientists-make-piece-plastic-turn-box.html%3Fito%3Dfeeds-newsxml&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAGOAZA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFQqGuTctaib4qz4Ev-KDjHqnofQA" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-d-patterns.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAIOAhA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHeMsLTB0Rk8n1eoXdRSRe-80qWjw" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/October/13101104.asp&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAEOARA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHI6sagJpWOaDHvTh3A8cLBVgWBWA" style="clear: right; color: #1155cc; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"></a><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span><br />
<h1 class="newsheading_detail" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border: 0px; color: navy; line-height: 40px; margin: 0px; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">12th international symposium on advanced materials</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is an article dealing with a SM conference, 12th ISAM, from <span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">September 26-30, 2011.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">September 23, 2011</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=115862">http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=115862</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">MedShape Solutions Inc. receives SBIR Phase I development grant for shape memory meniscal repair device</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is an article dealing with a SM used for a medical device.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">September 23, 2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.healio.com/orthopedics/news/online/%7B203CB5A1-63B7-4682-8A8B-CC7EACF7EFC2%7D/MedShape-Solutions-Inc-receives-SBIR-Phase-I-development-grant-for-shape-memory-meniscal-repair-device">http://www.healio.com/orthopedics/news/online/%7B203CB5A1-63B7-4682-8A8B-<span id="goog_941769245"></span>CC7EACF7EFC2%7D/MedShape-Solutions-Inc-receives-SBIR-Phase-I-development-grant-for-shape-memory-meniscal-repair-device</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"><span id="goog_941769246"></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/October/13101104.asp&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAEOARA9snx9ARIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=GTxnFlrPahM&usg=AFQjCNHI6sagJpWOaDHvTh3A8cLBVgWBWA" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-d-patterns.html&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAIOAhA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNHeMsLTB0Rk8n1eoXdRSRe-80qWjw" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2060876/Look-hands-Scientists-make-piece-plastic-turn-box.html%3Fito%3Dfeeds-newsxml&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjAGOAZA9Z2F9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=BB6MuFxguCI&usg=AFQjCNFQqGuTctaib4qz4Ev-KDjHqnofQA" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&q=http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/showEE.asp%3Fnewsid%3D11075&ct=ga&cad=CAcQAxgAIAAoAjACOAJA-vzz9gRIAVgBYgJlbg&cd=rrX7nwOriT4&usg=AFQjCNEGT9Cj16bhT8p_UewfVRbxVLb_1A" style="color: #1155cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"></a></span></div>
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<h1 style="background-color: white; border: none; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Shape memory materials ready for mass production</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is an article dealing with the SM costs.</span></div>
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<a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/archive/23-09-2011/" style="background-color: white; line-height: 14px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">September 23, 2011</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://phys.org/news/2011-09-memory-materials-ready-mass-production.html">http://phys.org/news/2011-09-memory-materials-ready-mass-production.html</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-62898240318886144822012-07-28T10:32:00.001-07:002013-05-29T09:45:48.337-07:00Recent Silence Summer 2012<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hey all,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">It's been quiet for a few weeks - on the blog at least. We've been busy working on a couple of new projects and moving office.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">We should have something new in the upcoming months. I'll post a few features before then hi-lighting some of the particulars we're taking further in addition to these new projects.</span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-73495988485016707022012-06-01T00:04:00.001-07:002014-04-01T13:41:10.938-07:00What are Smart Materials? Online links – 1st glance<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">How Shape-Memory Materials Remember - with some diverse examples</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">These are posts by others on the question above. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">I will be posting more on definitive definitions, types and designers and engineer's items of interest of these materials including 'Shape Memory Materials' (SMM). This will be followed by a book on the topic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/05/27/3268076/what-exactly-is-a-smart-material.html" target="_blank">What exactly is a smart material?</a><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.charlotteobserver.com/" style="color: black; margin-right: 11px; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="CharlotteObserver.com" src="http://media.charlotteobserver.com/static/design/charlotte-observer-section.gif" style="border-style: none; margin-top: 0px; outline: none; vertical-align: middle;" /></a> <a href="http://www.charlotteobserver.com/scitech" style="color: black; margin-right: 11px; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Science & Technology</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /><a href="http://www.4spe.org/" rel="home" style="color: #8f292d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="Home"><img alt="Home" src="http://www.4spe.org/sites/default/files/spe_logo.jpg" id="logo-image" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></a><strong style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 46px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.4spe.org/" rel="home" style="color: #555555; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Home">Society of Plastics Engineers</a></strong></span><br />
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.4spe.org/plastics-encyclopedia/shape-memory-polymers" target="_blank">Shape Memory Polymers</a></span></b> <b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="http://gizmodo.com/5912189/we-have-so-many-questions-about-this-self+cooking-egg+carton-concept" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">We Have So Many Questions About This Self-Cooking Egg Grenade</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Supporting stories:</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.pda-europe.com/page.php?pagID=5&newID=129"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">http://www.pda-europe.com/page.php?pagID=5&newID=129</span></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.industryintel.com/news/read/3331489368/Weekly-Packaging-Design-Wrap-Up-Hot-concept-boils.html#.T7rX-j8LTc0.twitter">http://www.industryintel.com/news/read/3331489368/Weekly-Packaging-Design-Wrap-Up-Hot-concept-boils.html#.T7rX-j8LTc0.twitter</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.materialsviews.com/taking-shape-metamorphic-nanocomposites/" target="_blank">Taking Shape: Metamorphic Nanocomposites</a></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/" style="background-color: white; color: #000099; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; text-align: center;" title="ScienceDaily: Your source for the latest research news, discoveries and breakthroughs in science"><img alt="ScienceDaily: Your source for the latest research news
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<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100426113141.htm" target="_blank">How Shape-Memory Materials Remember</a></h1>
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<img src="http://www.asminternational.org/content/Events/smst/images/smstheader.jpg" style="font-style: inherit;" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://www.smart-nets.eu/file/Attachments/wikis/SmartNets/smst-2013/SMST2013Call.pdf" target="_blank">The International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies™ (SMST™) and SMA Workshop, May 21-24, 2013, OREA Hotel Pyramida, Prague, Czech Republic</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" kind="click" style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #1155cc; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">shape memory alloy</a><span style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #222222; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" kind="click" style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #1155cc; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">shape memory foam</a><span style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #222222; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" kind="click" style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #1155cc; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">Shape Memory Materials</a><span style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #222222; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" kind="click" style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #1155cc; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">shape memory polymer</a><span style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #222222; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" kind="click" style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #1155cc; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">SMA</a><span style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #222222; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" kind="click" style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #1155cc; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">SMF</a><span style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #222222; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6611628882581403624" kind="click" style="background-color: #edf4ff; border: 0px; color: #1155cc; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">SMP</a></span><br />
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology that employs smart materials, guidelines can be downloaded for free at:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6611628882581403624.post-56908680492100842982012-05-28T11:27:00.001-07:002014-04-01T13:41:20.468-07:00New Shape Memory Polymer, Foam & Alloy<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">*** 'Shape Memory Polymer' (SMP):</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=33097" target="_blank">Bayer MaterialScience Develops Shape Memory Polymer</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Azom.com</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.europeanplasticsnews.com/subscriber/headlines2.html?cat=1&id=1513" target="_blank">BMS JV develops shape memory polymer</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">European Plastics News</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.plasticstoday.com/articles/tpu-memory-opens-new-application-areas-052320121" target="_blank">TPU with a memory opens up new application areas</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Plastics Today</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.plastemart.com/plastic-facts-information.asp?news_id=22011&news=New-shape-memory-polymer-developed-using-thermoplastic-polyurethane" style="background-color: transparent;" target="_blank">New shape memory polymer developed using thermoplastic polyurethane</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">plastemart.com</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://evertiq.com/news/22141" target="_blank">A plastic that remembers</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">evertiq.com</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">*** 'Shape Memory Foam' (SMF):</span></h3>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adem.201200127/abstract" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Shape-Memory Properties of Polyetherurethane Foams Prepared by Thermally Induced Phase Separation</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Wiley Online Library </span><br />
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<pre style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://micro.seas.harvard.edu/papers/SMS12_Paik.pdf" target="_blank">A bidirectional shape memory alloy folding actuator</a></span></pre>
<pre style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Smart Materials and Stuctures</span></pre>
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<pre style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0964-1726/21/6/065013" target="_blank">A bidirectional shape memory alloy folding actuator</a></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Smart Materials and Stuctures</span>
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<pre style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/5/5/909" target="_blank">Transformation-Induced Creep and Creep Recovery of Shape Memory Alloy</a></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Materials - Open Access Journals</span></pre>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1205/1205.5422.pdf" target="_blank">Enhancing magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the Fe70Pd30magnetic shape memory alloy by adding Cu</a></span><br />
<pre style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-left;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">magnetic shape memory thin film alloy</span></pre>
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For related resources, <span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Design for Disassembly, Eco-Design, Environment and AD Technology that employs smart materials, guidelines can be downloaded for free at:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">http://www.activedisassembly.com/strategy/</span></div>
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Dr. Joseph Chiodohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00364222160445503418noreply@blogger.com0